Lucas's First draft

What extent can the problems of urbanization are met by a policy of sustainable development

Subtitle: What are the problems in the process of China’s urbanization? How to resolve these problems?

Introduction
Urbanization can be defined in four views of demography, geography, sociology and economics. For demography, urbanization is the process of change from rural population into urban population. For geography, urbanization is the process of relative centralization of population in an area of the towns and cities. For sociology, urbanization is the process of rural lifestyle transformed into the city lifestyle. For economics, urbanization is the process of the change from traditional rural economy into the modern market economy. Sustainable development can also be defined in following four views: ecological sustainability, sociological sustainability, economical sustainability and technological sustainability. For ecological sustainability, sustainable development is the objectives of protecting and enhancing the capacity of production and updates in environment system. For sociological sustainability, sustainable development is the conception of improving the human life quality under the capacity of biological system. For economical sustainability, sustainable development is the conception of increasing profit without abusing nature resource. For technological sustainable, sustainable development is the conception of steering cleaner and more efficient technology and reducing the waste of energy and other natural resources. After the reform and market open in the year of 1995, China had gradually loosened original restriction of population migration, a large number of workers migrated from the western poor area to the eastern cities, which help the rapid development of urbanization in China. But because of the large quantity of population and the speed of development of economic and social insurance can not catch the step of urbanization, there are so many serious problems reveal in the process of urbanization. Firstly, pollution is extending in the cities that make the decrease of the quality of city life. Secondly, the lack of urban space leads to the high price and high pressure in the cities. Thirdly, the large increase of population makes traffic jam and high crime rate in China. So in this essay, I will focus on these problems which occur in urbanization process of China, then give my suggestions for how to resolve these problems base on the analysis of why these problems happen.


Education problem in process of urbanization
It is obvious that the development of education can not adapt to the process of urbanization in China. There are so many educational problems come with the urbanization. Firstly, the urbanization extends the paradox about the demands and the supply of education. Because of the urbanization brings a large number of labors from the rural area, their young children also come with their parents and gather in the cities. So the booms of the number of children who need education become the reason why leads to the lack of education resources like book, facilities and teachers. In addition, with the further development of urbanization, more and more surplus rural labor force will gradually migrate to urban, which may aggravate the competition in the cities. How a people can compete with others is relevant for their education level sometimes, people who get the better degree usually have the more competitiveness. So the demands of education increase a lot immediately. However, because of the original education resource is limited and it is difficult for local government to provide much more education resource for them in short time, so a lot of new citizens can not get well education in cities. Secondly, rural education problem also become more serious in the process of urbanization in China. There have so many young labors move to urban area to find more widen opportunities for work, whilst the rapid decrease of rural population. So there are fewer students to enter the rural schools. To avoid waste, government usually reduces investment on rural education. Teacher can not get enough reward as before, so more and more good rural teacher drop their teaching work that weaken the rural educational quality. The worse thing is rural education content also difficult to adapt to the need of urbanization and modernization. Some schools use old textbooks which were used in thirty years before to teach. Every aspect of life in a modern society of tremendous changes can not reflected in the courses, so these students formed the knowledge and ability structure which has been far away from social development of modern science and technology, production and the actual needs. Not only wastes a lot of learning resources, but also make lots of non-agricultural population in the labor market is smooth. Some of the local education content emphasizes the rural education, with the rural course to replace for academic urbanization education and spread a considerable range of knowledge of agricultural production. Result further widened the distance between the quality of rural education and quality of city education. This obviously is not fair for people and could cause rural countryside youth can reach fewer opportunities to accept higher levels education than urban youth.


Solutions for education problems
Face to these serious educational problems in the process of urbanization in China, Chinese government should use sustainable development knowledge and policy to promote the benign interaction in the urbanization process and education of the healthy development. Specifically, mainly in the following aspects:
(a) Increasing government investment in education and promoting diversification of educational investment pattern to release contradictions of the demands and needs of education. The educational investment of China’s government account for 3% of GDP for some years, which far below than India which are at the same level of development. For the average education investment, China also below than most developing countries With the rapid development of China’s economy, the ability of government investment is more and more strong, so we must try best to ensure "three growth" goal in order to adapt to the dramatically increase in the educational contradictions in the process of urbanization. What is more, when government increases their spending in education, they also actively encourage individuals, groups, and fund involvement to promote the healthy development of private education organisation and achieve the task of educational investment diversification.

(b) Give the policy to cut the relation between household registration system and education system. China's household registration system has played a positive role in the era of planned economy, but now already can not adapt to the socialist market economy and urbanization development needs, conversely it becomes the biggest obstacle of equal education right by migrant population. Therefore, for promoting the development of education in the process of urbanization, Government have to cancel household system and stop the Labour market segmentation break, then establish a unified labor market and allow the rural labor migration to town.[unclear - unsupported?] After that, rural people can enjoy the treatment as same as citizens in urban public school.

(c) Increase government transfer payment for rural education. In the vast rural areas in China, people live with backward economy, productivity, but most of the school-age children distributed in rural areas, and actually, it is difficult for them to resolve their problems of rural basic education under these conditions in the countryside. Therefore, for the development of rural education, rise the government financial transfer has vital significance in improving teachers' treatment and stable.

Transportation problems in process of urbanization
The statistics (reference 1) show us there are more than 32,001,477 cars drive on England road, and more than two thirds cars drive on city’s road. So you can imagine how busy the road is. Particularly London, drivers may cost two or more hours a day on waiting in the traffic jams. So compare with the British transportation problems, China has much more serious problems on the road. First of all, the original transport infrastructure can not stand the rapid expansion of urban area. Take the Ning Bo city as my case study, which is located in the east of China and a port city in China. At present, Ning Bo’s urban area has transformed 100, 000 squares km and the urban population increased to 10 million, urban per capita travel times also increasing. Along with the expanding urban construction, urban area becomes the center of city. So floating population growing year by year and the expansion of the city production and life, it makes the city road unbearable heavy traffic pressure. Although in recent years the city road network construction more and faster than before, but there is still not reach the speed of growth rate of city traffic. At the same time, the urban road construction mainly distributed in the new area of city but less in old area, that is why the old city roads area of city can not meet the growing needs for increasing cars. Traffic jam in the old area is common phenomenon these years. Secondly, urban traffic construction is lack of scientific strategy plan. The road system is transformed the traditional theory of traffic planning under the guidance of scientific and reasonable construction, lack of planning. The road without a rational function of network and the roads are not fully used will lead to traffic jams. Thirdly, Traffic management science and technology is in place at a lower level. Because of the lack of sensor technology, electronic control information, network technology and modern technology, traffic management mostly relies on human management, Due to insufficient funds in daily management, police and less often attend in management gap time driving order is confusion.

Resolutions to transportation problems
Firstly, make a reasonable plan for urban road traffic development. Practice and experience tells us that development and management of urban roads must be based on the city economy, population and the present conditions of the actual construction of tourist city, so we have to focus on the grand goal of promoting urban status of urban traffic management committee and responsible for urban road traffic development planning. For instance, Ning Bo as a most richest city in China, it should have more cars and buses on the roads than other cities, government can not use the average standard to evaluate Ning Bo’s transport. We must make the plans and strategy according to local economy situation like constructing more roads for more cars. Secondly, increase the awareness of public traffic safety education and enhance the consciousness of the urban traffic, every citizen plays a important role in the good management of city traffic. First is planned to use newspapers, TV, radio and other media to advertise the social realize about strengthen urban traffic management and keep traffic in orders. To achieving the objectives of promoting the standard management of urban traffic, we may clear the responsibility of management on the road. All the road management divided by traffic policeman and other relevant sector of government through the implementation of standardized management, so we have to strength cooperation between them and gives them clear responsibilities. Lastly, increase the investment of traffic management department. We may increase traffic intelligent management of modern equipment, such as "electronic police" to improve traffic management science and technology. Intelligent transportation is an inevitable trend in the development of intelligent transportation management, by using advanced information technology, computer technology and sensor technology, automatic control theory, the artificial intelligence effectively applied to the comprehensive transportation service, management and control, to establish the integrated management system, traffic transportation management day. With intelligent management of city traffic equipment mainly intersection and sections of the reasonable traffic and transportation organization, highly channelizing driveway and orientation, light guide lane "two phase control" as a "heterogeneous", greatly improve the city intersection and road capacity and safety.

Conclusion
In conclusion, my entire essay summarizes the main two problems which are faced by China in the process of urbanization. One is educational problems, which related to the sustainable development of talent even the development of China in future. The other is traffic jam on the road, which is relative to individual every day. Because we all the members on the road, traffic jam may restrict the development of urban economy. We must make the modernization of transport first before urbanization. If we can not realize how serious they are, we may lose more than we can benefit from urbanization in long term, which just is what we can learn from sustainable development. With the help of fast urbanization in China, I think Chinese may enjoy their lives, everyone have fair education rights and enjoy their weekend with family though the broad road in the future. However, with the deeper of urbanization, more and more problems may occur like marriage. We can not stop the step to do further research on sustainable development in the process of urbanization in China.






Reference
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