Outline
Title: to what extend can the problems of urbanization be met by a policy of sustainable development?
Subtitle: challenges for sustainable development by rapid urbanisation in London.
Thesis: urbanisation does bring a lot of problems for sustainable development, and to examine the causes and consequences.
Introduction:
Definition of urbanisation
Give the background: urbanisation is the worldwide developing trend
Definition of sustainable development.
Brief The conflict between urbanisation and sustainable development.
Main body:
Detailed describe the conflict between urbanisation and sustainable development in
-----pollution
-----transport
-----water land
-----workforce and unemployment
-----high stress and pressure
Take London as a case to analyse the causes and consequences in these aspects above
Conclusion:
Too rapid urbanisation is a big challenge for sustainable development, it brings a lot of problems
Sum up the main causes and consequences.
Give some recommendation and possible solutions.
References:
JSTOR_ The Town Planning Review, Vol. 45, No. 2 (Apr., 1974), pp. 216-218
C.G. Bentham Which Areas Have the Worst Urban Problems? Urban Stud 1985 22: 119
Rachel Ramsey 2006 The language of urbanization in John Stow's: survey of London
Rui Wang Sustainable Urban Development in China A Literature Review on Issues, Policies, Practices, and Effects,2009
http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9290/
Wednesday, 7 July 2010
The essay of outline ---Eddie
Title: To what extent can the problems of urbanisation be met by a policy of sustainable development?
Subtitle: To compare sustainable development policies Vietnam and UK
Introduction:
The definition of urbanisation
The definition of sustainable development
The problems of urbanisation general background such as overcrowded (high population density), traffic problem, crime, high housing price, more competitive for job, and pollution problem
Differences between Asian and Western cultures result in various patterns of sustainable development
To compare Vietnam and England sustainable development
Thesis: the extent to which sustainable development policy fit in these two countries will also be examined.
Main body
Describe urbanisation in Asian and Western countries
Sustainable development in Vietnam and England
For instance: Ho Chi Minh City vs. England city
Comparison between two cities
Conclusion
Summary of content in the main body
To extent to which development policy fit in these two counties will also be examined.
Reference
Darkakis-Smith, D & Dixon, C (1997) Sustainable Urbanisation in Vietnam, Geoforum Volume 28. Issue1, February 1997, Pages 21-38
Pugh, C (1996) Sustainability the environment and urbanisation, Earthscan Publication Limited
Counsell, D (1999) Sustainable Development and Structure Plan in England and Wales: Operationalising the Themes and Principles, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 42:1. 45-61
Subtitle: To compare sustainable development policies Vietnam and UK
Introduction:
The definition of urbanisation
The definition of sustainable development
The problems of urbanisation general background such as overcrowded (high population density), traffic problem, crime, high housing price, more competitive for job, and pollution problem
Differences between Asian and Western cultures result in various patterns of sustainable development
To compare Vietnam and England sustainable development
Thesis: the extent to which sustainable development policy fit in these two countries will also be examined.
Main body
Describe urbanisation in Asian and Western countries
Sustainable development in Vietnam and England
For instance: Ho Chi Minh City vs. England city
Comparison between two cities
Conclusion
Summary of content in the main body
To extent to which development policy fit in these two counties will also be examined.
Reference
Darkakis-Smith, D & Dixon, C (1997) Sustainable Urbanisation in Vietnam, Geoforum Volume 28. Issue1, February 1997, Pages 21-38
Pugh, C (1996) Sustainability the environment and urbanisation, Earthscan Publication Limited
Counsell, D (1999) Sustainable Development and Structure Plan in England and Wales: Operationalising the Themes and Principles, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 42:1. 45-61
Introduction (Reza)
To what extent can the problem of urbanisation be met by a policy of sustainable development?
Scope: Traffic jams and public transportation.
Introduction
This essay attempts to describe the effects of sustainable development on the problems of urbanisation and bring about a solution to different aspects of it. It also focuses on noise pollution and the measurement taken against it.
Since human beings life changes constantly, they commence to think of the better ways of moving around rather than on foot. People transformed from ‘hunt gathering’ to agriculture which was still before the industrial revolutions (the 18th) which spread out from England to the world and developed rapidly after the invention of steam powered machines. Nowadays people are moving to the huge cities mostly because of jobs opportunities and of course making more money in the capitals rather than their perhaps small hometowns or let’s say rural areas.
Urbanisation refers to the process of increasing population in the cities and physical growth of a city in general. Most of people are immigrating from rural to urban areas because of facing to economic difficulties in small towns in terms of job opportunities and markets. Obviously, depending of limited capacity of cities this may cause problems such as housing, traffic jams, parking spaces, jobs, pollutions and etc. Also it is widening the gap between poor and rich and at the end of day it will increase crimes. Additionally with the high speed growth in urbanisation and industrialisation all the natural resources are in danger of extinction which is a very important case.The extender of civilisation means replacing the nature with buildings and roads as well and still the traffic jams are one of the biggest problems of capital and big cities. In simple terms the process of manufacturing cars is much faster than building roads and motorways.
Sustainable development refers to the proportional amount of consumption of resources available to an extent in which it meets the human needs and at the same time preserves the environment so our generation and the future one can have their fair share out of it. In 2009 DEFRA(Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs) mentioned that over the past 20 years it has been clear that the growth of development has been unsustainable and the negative effect of our consumption pattern has had damaged the environment and also climate.
Sustainable development attempts to keep up the way of natural systems through the social challenges concerning the humanity, giving no less value to the environmental concerns as well. It is clear that development in the present should not compromise the future life. That is why the concept of needs and the idea of limitations are introduced; so that it doesn’t harm the system which is the world that we are living in.
Sustainable development is a global term which began in Europe and it includes all aspects of better standards of life, environment and economy. This study argues the advantages and disadvantages of sustainable mobility of traffic jams problems and whether it is a way forward for providing better lifestyle or not.
Bibliography:
Figueiredo L. et al. (2005). ‘Towards the Development of Intelligent Transportation System’, available on line www.ave.dee.isep.ipp.pt [accessed 05/07/2010]
Jenson & Dallas R. (2003). ‘Understanding sleep disorders in student population’ available on line from http//www.highbeam.com [accessed 05/07/2010]
McCormack, J. & Slaght, J. (2009). Extended Writing & Research skills. Published in UK by Garnet Publishing, 4th edition www.environmental-protection.org.uk [accessed 06/07/2010]
Munasinghe M. (1997). ‘Environmental economics and sustainable development’ published in Washington D.C. by The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, third edition.
Pearce, D. and Barbier E. & Markandya A, (1997). ‘sustainable development economics and environment in the third world’, published in London by Eathscan Publications Ltd.
Rijnders, E. & Janssen, N. & Van Vliet, P. & Brunekreef, B.(2001). ‘Personal and outdoor Nitrogen Dioxide Concentrations in relation to degree of urbanization and traffic density’. Environmental Health Perspective. Vol. 109. Available on line at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [accessed 03/07/2010]
Rienstra S. & Vluegel J. & Niikamp P. (1995). ‘options for Sustainable Passenger Transport; An Assessment of Policy Chioces’, available online at www.dspace.ubvu.vu.nl [accessed 03/07/2010]
Singh, N. (2004). ‘Noise Pollution- Sources, Effects and Control’ pp. 181-187 available online at http://www.krepublishers.com [accessed 05/07/2010]
Shapiro, R. & Hassett, K. & Arnold F (2002). ‘Conserving Energy and Preserving
The Environment: The Role of Public Transportation’ available online at www.archives.eesi.org [accessed 04/07/2010]
Scope: Traffic jams and public transportation.
Introduction
This essay attempts to describe the effects of sustainable development on the problems of urbanisation and bring about a solution to different aspects of it. It also focuses on noise pollution and the measurement taken against it.
Since human beings life changes constantly, they commence to think of the better ways of moving around rather than on foot. People transformed from ‘hunt gathering’ to agriculture which was still before the industrial revolutions (the 18th) which spread out from England to the world and developed rapidly after the invention of steam powered machines. Nowadays people are moving to the huge cities mostly because of jobs opportunities and of course making more money in the capitals rather than their perhaps small hometowns or let’s say rural areas.
Urbanisation refers to the process of increasing population in the cities and physical growth of a city in general. Most of people are immigrating from rural to urban areas because of facing to economic difficulties in small towns in terms of job opportunities and markets. Obviously, depending of limited capacity of cities this may cause problems such as housing, traffic jams, parking spaces, jobs, pollutions and etc. Also it is widening the gap between poor and rich and at the end of day it will increase crimes. Additionally with the high speed growth in urbanisation and industrialisation all the natural resources are in danger of extinction which is a very important case.The extender of civilisation means replacing the nature with buildings and roads as well and still the traffic jams are one of the biggest problems of capital and big cities. In simple terms the process of manufacturing cars is much faster than building roads and motorways.
Sustainable development refers to the proportional amount of consumption of resources available to an extent in which it meets the human needs and at the same time preserves the environment so our generation and the future one can have their fair share out of it. In 2009 DEFRA(Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs) mentioned that over the past 20 years it has been clear that the growth of development has been unsustainable and the negative effect of our consumption pattern has had damaged the environment and also climate.
Sustainable development attempts to keep up the way of natural systems through the social challenges concerning the humanity, giving no less value to the environmental concerns as well. It is clear that development in the present should not compromise the future life. That is why the concept of needs and the idea of limitations are introduced; so that it doesn’t harm the system which is the world that we are living in.
Sustainable development is a global term which began in Europe and it includes all aspects of better standards of life, environment and economy. This study argues the advantages and disadvantages of sustainable mobility of traffic jams problems and whether it is a way forward for providing better lifestyle or not.
Bibliography:
Figueiredo L. et al. (2005). ‘Towards the Development of Intelligent Transportation System’, available on line www.ave.dee.isep.ipp.pt [accessed 05/07/2010]
Jenson & Dallas R. (2003). ‘Understanding sleep disorders in student population’ available on line from http//www.highbeam.com [accessed 05/07/2010]
McCormack, J. & Slaght, J. (2009). Extended Writing & Research skills. Published in UK by Garnet Publishing, 4th edition www.environmental-protection.org.uk [accessed 06/07/2010]
Munasinghe M. (1997). ‘Environmental economics and sustainable development’ published in Washington D.C. by The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, third edition.
Pearce, D. and Barbier E. & Markandya A, (1997). ‘sustainable development economics and environment in the third world’, published in London by Eathscan Publications Ltd.
Rijnders, E. & Janssen, N. & Van Vliet, P. & Brunekreef, B.(2001). ‘Personal and outdoor Nitrogen Dioxide Concentrations in relation to degree of urbanization and traffic density’. Environmental Health Perspective. Vol. 109. Available on line at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [accessed 03/07/2010]
Rienstra S. & Vluegel J. & Niikamp P. (1995). ‘options for Sustainable Passenger Transport; An Assessment of Policy Chioces’, available online at www.dspace.ubvu.vu.nl [accessed 03/07/2010]
Singh, N. (2004). ‘Noise Pollution- Sources, Effects and Control’ pp. 181-187 available online at http://www.krepublishers.com [accessed 05/07/2010]
Shapiro, R. & Hassett, K. & Arnold F (2002). ‘Conserving Energy and Preserving
The Environment: The Role of Public Transportation’ available online at www.archives.eesi.org [accessed 04/07/2010]
Monday, 5 July 2010
Nick's essay introduction
Title: What extent can the problems of urbanization be met by a policy of sustainable development?
Subtitle: what are the impacts of massive population growth by the policy of sustainable development in Shanghai? [not clear]
Introduction:
For promoting the economic development and improving human beings life standards, urbanization has become the main trend in lots of countries. So what is urbanization? Actually urbanization is a process that humans entered industries era, the proportion of agricultural activities began to decrease in some areas, and on the contrary, a proportion of non-agricultural activities began to increase. It also means that more and more rural population transformed into urban population. In fact urbanization is the product of the industrial revolution. It is a symbol [?] of city development. What the urbanization brings for us contain a growth of economic, a progress of the society, an improvement of technology and so on. However, when we appreciate these significant achievements of urbanization, some problems because of urbanization also cannot be ignored, such as a rapidly increasing proportion of urban population. More and more rural people migrate into urban. Therefore, we need to consider that whether a city could dominate the continuous expansion of the population with a limited resource. More and more household refuse and auto emissions also could cause lots of serious pollution.
Subtitle: what are the impacts of massive population growth by the policy of sustainable development in Shanghai? [not clear]
Introduction:
For promoting the economic development and improving human beings life standards, urbanization has become the main trend in lots of countries. So what is urbanization? Actually urbanization is a process that humans entered industries era, the proportion of agricultural activities began to decrease in some areas, and on the contrary, a proportion of non-agricultural activities began to increase. It also means that more and more rural population transformed into urban population. In fact urbanization is the product of the industrial revolution. It is a symbol [?] of city development. What the urbanization brings for us contain a growth of economic, a progress of the society, an improvement of technology and so on. However, when we appreciate these significant achievements of urbanization, some problems because of urbanization also cannot be ignored, such as a rapidly increasing proportion of urban population. More and more rural people migrate into urban. Therefore, we need to consider that whether a city could dominate the continuous expansion of the population with a limited resource. More and more household refuse and auto emissions also could cause lots of serious pollution.
For solving these negative impacts, many countries have mentioned that “sustainable development” will become an important strategy to face with urbanization issue. So what is sustainable development? In fact, sustainable development is a growth model of long term development. The currently definition explained by the World Commission on Environment and Development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (WCED, 1987; P 43). Generally, sustainable development involves main 4 aspects which are environment、science、society and economic. For long-term interests, sustainable development has a close relationship with urbanization issue. For instance, the strategy of SD needs to deal with some issues about how to allocate the resources efficiency, how to decrease the pollution and how to balance the ecological environment in a city.
In some developing countries, urbanization is more serious [?] than developed countries. In China, Shanghai as an international city could be a typical example. From the Shanghai Statistics office, there are more than 19 million people in 2010. Among this figure, the number of floating population is more than 5 million. And currently the area of Shanghai covers about 6340.5 Km2. it shows a high density of population in Shanghai. Seriously [?], due to urbanization this high density is increasing rapidly. It causes lots of problems such as serious traffic jam, less planting, poor environment and so on. Especially, because of economic risk in recent years it will also bring a higher unemployment. It is really hard to find a job. For dealing with these urbanization problems, the government has made some policies such as transfer factories to suburbs; build more complete public transport system and explore Pudong as a new urban area. In my essay I am going to talk about more problems because of urbanization, and how to deal with them by sustainable development. And also I will give an assessment for these achievements and policies. Finally, I will give some recommendations.
Reference
1) Qing S, (1997). Urban transportation in Shanghai, China: problems and planning implications.
2) Liu T, (1994), Urban renewal and development of Shanghai city. Journal of Chinese geographical science. Volume 4, Number 3, PP. 219-231,1994.
3) http://www.stats-sh.gov.cn/2005shtj/2009shgl/rkjy/userobject1ai8633.html
4) http://www.shanghaihighlights.com/essentia
5) Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau. 2002. Shanghai Statistical Yearbook. Beijing: China Statistics Press
6) World Commission on Environment and Development. Our Common Future. (New York: Oxford University press, 1987)
Introduction ---Sue
To what extent can the problems of urbanization be met by a policy of sustainable development?
Sub-Title: Can the [art.] sustainable development policies solve the problems of urbanisation in Hong Kong?
Introduction
Urbanisation contains the population of immigration which is the physical growth of society living in civic area [unclear]. The world’s cities are growing with massive population growth because more and people are moving from rural to urban areas .The majorities of People who live in the cities are concentrated in a narrow area rather than stay in a large region. The government and others provide more service and resource allowedly [?] such as water, electricity and transport to a large number of citizens. Education, business and technological advances are also more accessible in urban area result in economic growth. Thus, the opportunities which are jobs and prosperity are the main factors to attract people to move to cities because people can seek their jobs to improve their quality of life and build a better future for their children. However, the characteristics of urban area can be caused a lot of serious problems in the societies like high housing price, limited resource, pollution, high population, traffic congestion, crime in the most of cities in east or west where are suffering in these situation. In fact, the problems of urbanisation have been the barriers to bring negative effects for the economic growth. Therefore, these problems have led the government to set the polices of the sustainable development to solve the problems such as waste management charge scheme, recycling scheme, renewable energy, urban living space. Sustainable development depends on how profitably balance on the objectives of society, economy and environment to maintain the needs of present for human and future generations to improve their lifestyle, protect ecosystems and the quality of environment with economic growth. In this essay, it will be given the case of Hong Kong which is a huge population east city and focus on the main urban problems of high housing price and pollution such as air, noise and waste to evaluate the different policies of sustainable development whether a effective solution to meet the aim that can increase the quality of lifestyle and preserve the environment but maintain the economic growth simultaneously. Additionally, it will be used the case of Hong Kong and Edinburgh to compare the various policies which can be more efficient to improve the urban problems between the cities in East and West. At the end of this essay, it will be given [passive?] the recommendations in the future and my opinion that I think it is obvious that Hong Kong’s urban problems are more serious than Edinburgh’s .Although different kind of sustainable development policy can solve the problems but I believe there are many more problems than solution in Hong Kong.
Reference:
1. Peter Roberts and Peter Hills (2002) Analysis and policy in East and West – the case of Hong Kong and Scotland , Journal of Sustainable development Vol 10 pp117-121 Available from:http://www.docin.com/p-43528787.html
(accessed 5 July 2010)
2.Urbanisation, BBC Homepage,18th June 2002,Available from
http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A757415 (accessed 5 July 2010)
3. What is sustainable development? Available from http://www.susdev.gov.hk (accessed 5 July 2010)
Sub-Title: Can the [art.] sustainable development policies solve the problems of urbanisation in Hong Kong?
Introduction
Urbanisation contains the population of immigration which is the physical growth of society living in civic area [unclear]. The world’s cities are growing with massive population growth because more and people are moving from rural to urban areas .The majorities of People who live in the cities are concentrated in a narrow area rather than stay in a large region. The government and others provide more service and resource allowedly [?] such as water, electricity and transport to a large number of citizens. Education, business and technological advances are also more accessible in urban area result in economic growth. Thus, the opportunities which are jobs and prosperity are the main factors to attract people to move to cities because people can seek their jobs to improve their quality of life and build a better future for their children. However, the characteristics of urban area can be caused a lot of serious problems in the societies like high housing price, limited resource, pollution, high population, traffic congestion, crime in the most of cities in east or west where are suffering in these situation. In fact, the problems of urbanisation have been the barriers to bring negative effects for the economic growth. Therefore, these problems have led the government to set the polices of the sustainable development to solve the problems such as waste management charge scheme, recycling scheme, renewable energy, urban living space. Sustainable development depends on how profitably balance on the objectives of society, economy and environment to maintain the needs of present for human and future generations to improve their lifestyle, protect ecosystems and the quality of environment with economic growth. In this essay, it will be given the case of Hong Kong which is a huge population east city and focus on the main urban problems of high housing price and pollution such as air, noise and waste to evaluate the different policies of sustainable development whether a effective solution to meet the aim that can increase the quality of lifestyle and preserve the environment but maintain the economic growth simultaneously. Additionally, it will be used the case of Hong Kong and Edinburgh to compare the various policies which can be more efficient to improve the urban problems between the cities in East and West. At the end of this essay, it will be given [passive?] the recommendations in the future and my opinion that I think it is obvious that Hong Kong’s urban problems are more serious than Edinburgh’s .Although different kind of sustainable development policy can solve the problems but I believe there are many more problems than solution in Hong Kong.
Reference:
1. Peter Roberts and Peter Hills (2002) Analysis and policy in East and West – the case of Hong Kong and Scotland , Journal of Sustainable development Vol 10 pp117-121 Available from:http://www.docin.com/p-43528787.html
(accessed 5 July 2010)
2.Urbanisation, BBC Homepage,18th June 2002,Available from
http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A757415 (accessed 5 July 2010)
3. What is sustainable development? Available from http://www.susdev.gov.hk (accessed 5 July 2010)
Sunday, 4 July 2010
ಇಬ್ರಾಹಿಂ
Ibrahim's outline
Title: to what extend can the problems of urbanization be met by a policy of sustainable development?
Subtitle: has the Saudi government taken the right steps for sustainable development in term of urbanization since, its unification, 8 decades ago and explored oil?
Introduction:
Society review: structure, religion, location.
Definition of Islamic urbanization
The impacts of Islamic law on policy makers
Main body:
What the government has done for sustainable development in term of education, healthcare, cities, roads network.
Analysis changing on lifestyle and standard of living in urban cities in Saudi.
Evaluate the cost with outcome.
Compare development in Saudi with other countries in the Gulf region.
Conclusion:
Preview of new generation of Saudi people
What government should do for sustainable development of urbanization for the future.
References:
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112596666/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0
http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a743780101
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V9H-3VR0CNW-G&_user=10&_coverDate=12/31/1998&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1386112455&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=1e5d8eb02a013a737c0728966bc5ccbb
Title: to what extend can the problems of urbanization be met by a policy of sustainable development?
Subtitle: has the Saudi government taken the right steps for sustainable development in term of urbanization since, its unification, 8 decades ago and explored oil?
Introduction:
Society review: structure, religion, location.
Definition of Islamic urbanization
The impacts of Islamic law on policy makers
Main body:
What the government has done for sustainable development in term of education, healthcare, cities, roads network.
Analysis changing on lifestyle and standard of living in urban cities in Saudi.
Evaluate the cost with outcome.
Compare development in Saudi with other countries in the Gulf region.
Conclusion:
Preview of new generation of Saudi people
What government should do for sustainable development of urbanization for the future.
References:
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112596666/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0
http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a743780101
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V9H-3VR0CNW-G&_user=10&_coverDate=12/31/1998&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1386112455&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=1e5d8eb02a013a737c0728966bc5ccbb
Introduction-Kelvin
Topic: To what extent can the problems of urbanisation be met by a policy of sustainable development?
Sub-title: How to iron out the urban problems? Are the policies successful? Find the answer from Hong Kong. [make this into one question]
More than half of the population of the world are living in the urban areas now (Ciok Ling Ooi, 2009). There is no surprise that it is the trend in the future of the world. From this point of view, urbanisation is used to describe the growth of the urban cities. Kam Wing Chan (2009) claimed that urbanisation is caused by the growth of population in the city. The migrants moving from rural areas to urban area and the sprawling of the urban area are the two main patterns of the urbanisation. At the very beginning, urbanisation can boost the economic growth thus leading to a higher living standard of the whole community. Government welcomes the [art.] urbanisation or even encourages and develops more urban areas. However, the reality is that urbanisation brought the economic growth to the community together with a handful of urban problems. The main underlying cause of the problem is the huge population in a tiny place. In this essay, Hong Kong is being used as a case in order to illustrate the urban problems in most of the cities in the World. Additionally, Asia is the home of the fastest growing urban population in the World. Therefore, the main cities in Asia such as Hong Kong, Singapore, Tokyo and Shanghai are suffering from the urban problems. Those problems are now the obstacles for the economic growth because of the poor transportation system and housing environment and heavy pollution in terms of air, water and solid wastes. With the aim to eliminate the negative effects of the urbanisation and continue the city development, sustainable development policy is the ultimate method. According to WCED [who?] report, “sustainable development refers to establish the fundamental needs of the current population without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. Based on this principle, the sustainable development policy does improvement on environmental and economic and quality of life for the people living (David L [is that his surname?], 2007). Definitely, it is not an easy task for the government to balance every aspect, therefore, there is a need to evaluate the policy regularly. In the case of Hong Kong, sustainable development policy had been carried out for a long time with the aim to iron out the two main urban problems, which are housing and transport problem. Indeed, to a fair extent the policy can meet the urban problem in Hong Kong. At the end of the essay, [gr.] do comparison with Singapore in order to evaluate the sustainable development policy in Hong Kong and come up with some recommendations eventually [v.}.
References:
• Ciok Ling Ooi 2009. Challenge of sustainability for Asian urbanisation. Current opinion in Environment Sustainability 2009, 1:187-191
• David L. Blumenthal and Edward J. Martain 2007. Urban Sustainable Development, Lower Income communities, and Transorganisation. Public Administration, 30: 95-107
• Kam Wing Chan and Ying Hu 2003. Urbanization in China in the 1990s: New definition, Different Series, and Revised Trends. The China Review, vol. 3 No, 2(Fall 2003), 49-71
• Report of the the World Commission on Environment and Development. Our Common Future. Chapter 2: Towards Sustainable Development. Available at: http://habitat.igc.org/open-gates/ocf-02.htm#I
Sub-title: How to iron out the urban problems? Are the policies successful? Find the answer from Hong Kong. [make this into one question]
More than half of the population of the world are living in the urban areas now (Ciok Ling Ooi, 2009). There is no surprise that it is the trend in the future of the world. From this point of view, urbanisation is used to describe the growth of the urban cities. Kam Wing Chan (2009) claimed that urbanisation is caused by the growth of population in the city. The migrants moving from rural areas to urban area and the sprawling of the urban area are the two main patterns of the urbanisation. At the very beginning, urbanisation can boost the economic growth thus leading to a higher living standard of the whole community. Government welcomes the [art.] urbanisation or even encourages and develops more urban areas. However, the reality is that urbanisation brought the economic growth to the community together with a handful of urban problems. The main underlying cause of the problem is the huge population in a tiny place. In this essay, Hong Kong is being used as a case in order to illustrate the urban problems in most of the cities in the World. Additionally, Asia is the home of the fastest growing urban population in the World. Therefore, the main cities in Asia such as Hong Kong, Singapore, Tokyo and Shanghai are suffering from the urban problems. Those problems are now the obstacles for the economic growth because of the poor transportation system and housing environment and heavy pollution in terms of air, water and solid wastes. With the aim to eliminate the negative effects of the urbanisation and continue the city development, sustainable development policy is the ultimate method. According to WCED [who?] report, “sustainable development refers to establish the fundamental needs of the current population without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. Based on this principle, the sustainable development policy does improvement on environmental and economic and quality of life for the people living (David L [is that his surname?], 2007). Definitely, it is not an easy task for the government to balance every aspect, therefore, there is a need to evaluate the policy regularly. In the case of Hong Kong, sustainable development policy had been carried out for a long time with the aim to iron out the two main urban problems, which are housing and transport problem. Indeed, to a fair extent the policy can meet the urban problem in Hong Kong. At the end of the essay, [gr.] do comparison with Singapore in order to evaluate the sustainable development policy in Hong Kong and come up with some recommendations eventually [v.}.
References:
• Ciok Ling Ooi 2009. Challenge of sustainability for Asian urbanisation. Current opinion in Environment Sustainability 2009, 1:187-191
• David L. Blumenthal and Edward J. Martain 2007. Urban Sustainable Development, Lower Income communities, and Transorganisation. Public Administration, 30: 95-107
• Kam Wing Chan and Ying Hu 2003. Urbanization in China in the 1990s: New definition, Different Series, and Revised Trends. The China Review, vol. 3 No, 2(Fall 2003), 49-71
• Report of the the World Commission on Environment and Development. Our Common Future. Chapter 2: Towards Sustainable Development. Available at: http://habitat.igc.org/open-gates/ocf-02.htm#I
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)