Kamran's Full Essay

Physical Punishment:
Is it a good way to discipline children?

Physical punishment is an act of hitting, beating or using some other ways that cause someone to have physical pain. It is usually enforced to some one due to his/her wrong doings or unacceptable behaviour. Physical punishment exists in many forms in our society. Some times it is legal and at the other times it is illegal. For example law enforcement agency are legally allowed to give physical punishment to criminals at some extent, while punishing children in schools or at home without any strong and unavoidable reason is illegal. Parents usually give physical punishment to their children in order to discipline them. It could be in many forms, such as spanking, slapping, grabbing, and shoving a child roughly with intense force (Wauchope and Straus 1990).

In this essay, I am going to look at physical punishment used in schools by teachers and in homes by parents. I shall look into the effects of physical punishment on the lives of children. Finally, I shall conclude this essay to say whether it is a good way to discipline children through physical punishment or it is an old formula not working any more.

It is still unclear and very difficult to say that what is the origin of physical punishment? From where and who started it first? However, a wikipedia article on corporal punishment suggested that the activity of physical punishment was started in early tenth century BC. Initially, Rome, Greece, and Egypt started this practice for educational and judicial purposes. From then it had been spread all over the world for different purposes. For example, according to the article “Corporal Punishment” last modified 17 May 2010, “Corporal Punishment was encouraged by the attitudes of the medieval church towards the human body, flagellation being a common means of self-discipline. This had an influence on the use of corporal punishment in schools, as educational establishments were closely attached to the church during this period”. The students are given physical punishment due to misbehaving, not completing their homework or poor performance in school, bunking (i.e. getting out of home for school, but not attending classes), and for some other similar reasons by responsible school authorities/teachers. However, the teachers who adopt this method intend to discipline the students and not to destroy them. Therefore, physical punishment in schools and homes differ from judicial or some other physical punishments where the intension is to torture some one to achieve the desired goal.
When we look at the use of physical punishment in schools and homes, we find divided opinion; some people arguing in favor, while the others in against. For example Gershoff studied Bitensky’s work (Bitensky, S. H. 1998) and said in his article (Gershoff .E, 2002) that “Although a growing number of countries have adopted policies or laws that prohibit parents from using corporal punishment as a means of discipline (Austria, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Israel, Italy, Latvia, Norway, and Sweden; whereas, (Straus & Stewart) they Stated that, “both support for and use of corporal punishment remain strong in the United States, with 94% of American parents spanking their children by the time they are 3 or 4 years old.” Additionally, Straus and Gelles (Gershoff .E, 2002) observed that, “a majority of U.S. parents use physical punishment, and the percentages of parents who support and use corporal punishment declined only slightly during the 1970s and 1980s”. Moreover, there are number of research studies are carried out to see whether physical punishment is effective or harmful in the view of changing trends regarding behavior of children and parents these days. Some psychologist and other professionals concluded that “corporal punishment is both effective and desirable” (e.g., Baumrind, 1996a,1996b, 1997; Larzelere, 1996, 2000), whereas others have concluded that “corporal punishment is ineffective at best and harmfulat worst” (e.g., American Academy of Pediatrics, 1998; Lytton,1997; J. McCord, 1997; Straus, 1994a). “Psychological Bulletin”. People arguing in favor stated that it is a quicker implementation, cost nothing, and also remembered by the child for some time, because they have experienced the result of wrongdoing. Further, lazy children start learning due to fear of punishment and start behaving in well manner with teachers as well as with parents.
On the other hand, we find numerous negative effects of physical punishment on children, whether punished by parents or school authorities. It may cause suspension from school and lessons due to physical injury or pain and may lead to away from learning along with inconvenience to parents. Moreover, several research works/studies on physical effects of such activity suggested that it is a kind of physical violence training and it also increase aggressiveness in child behavior. According to some researcher, “Corporal punishment has been hypothesized to predict increases in children’s aggression because it models aggression” (e.g., Aronfreed, 1969; Bandura & Walters, 1959; Eron, Walder, & Lefkowitz, 1971; Walters & Grusec, 1977); “promotes hostile attributions, which predict violent behaviour” (Dodge, Pettit, McClaskey, & Brown, 1986); and “initiates coercive cycles of aversive behaviours between parent and child” (Dishion & Patterson, 1999; Patterson, Reid, & Dishion, 1992). There are psychological effects like destructive behaviour. If we look as an educational perspective some people argued that it can create disruptive behaviour of students and poor academic achievement due to lack of concentration in classroom. Additionally, another consequence of Physical punishment is related to mental health of children that included mental depression sometime it come up with feeling of vengeance against teacher and in worst case it end up with suicide attempts. As (Gershoff .E, 2002) studied Baumrind & Black, 1967; Lasky, 1993, they stated that “Coercive techniques have been associated with decreases in children’s feelings of confidence and assertiveness and with increases in feelings of humiliation and helplessness”.
To sum up, after looking at numerous arguments from different people and some researchers, it is obvious that there are more disadvantages of physical punishment on children as compared to advantages. It is also rejected by modern and civilized socities. For example, physical punishement have been prohibited in government schools of UK since 1987 and then same is adopted by all private schools since 2003. Further, an other strong argument against this punishment is that it is not an ultimate solution to discipline children. There exists some other methods, which can be applied and are currently used by modern schools such as, fines (paying certain amount of money as a punishment), sending children on holidays or temporary suspension, and suspension from one or two lessons.
Finally, as far as my opinion is concerned, I think beating, hitting, and causing physical pain to some one is an old formula of imposing and asking to do a job done. It is not going to work any more, because now a days the world, people and children are more independent than ever before. Therefore, teachers and parents should use several psycological methods to teach them how to be a self responsible being. This way, they could avoid physical punishment to disipline them.

References:

Murray A. Straus “Discipline and Deviance: Physical Punishment of Children and Violence and Other Crime in Adulthood” Social Problems, Vol. 38, No. 2 (May, 1991), pp. 133-154

Christopher G. Ellison and Darren E. Sherkat “Conservative Protestantism and Support for Corporal Punishment” American Sociological Review, Vol. 58, No. 1 (Feb., 1993), pp. 131-144

Elizabeth T. Gershoff “Corporal Punishment by Parents and Associated Child Behaviors and Experiences: A Meta-Analytic and Theoretical Review” Psychological Bulletin, 2002, Vol. 128, No. 4, 539–579.

Bitensky, S. H. (1998). “Spare the rod, embrace our humanity: Toward a new legal regime prohibiting corporal punishment of children”. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 31, 353–474.

Wikipedia.org, Corporal Punishment last accessed on 25-05-2010, url:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_punishment#History_of_corporal_punishment

Jackie's first draft of essay

Does fast food make our life better?
------------the effect on energy, diet and health

Nowadays, the rhythm of a modern life is getting faster and faster, people are trying to figure out a way to save time and make a simpler life, in any fields--such as food! Instead of traditional way of cooking, People today can prepare their food much easier and simpler than has ever been before, just getting clean and ready-to-eat food, spending several minutes in the oven and everything is done, like a time-counting task. It seems to make food preparation entirely different and life as well, however, there are several serious disadvantages of the fast food, some of them are even critical. In my essay, I will talk about the advantages, drawbacks of the fast food and show you whether it is true that the easier-prepared food make our life better.

Fast food like fried chicken, hamburgers, fish and chips, are referred to the foods which are prepared and served easily, quickly (also known as QSR: quick service restaurant). In a survey in 2008 on the number of fast-food restaurant per person, UK got the first title and offered 25% of all categories of fast food in the world. Why fast food is so popular? Obviously, the amazing convenience! All the fast food is designed to be easy-prepared and the outlets are always “take away” or “take out” providers. Normally, there will be a big truck, people can purchase the food from the “drive-through” devices and take them away.

Not only the preparing and purchasing are convenient, fast food is also designed easily for eating. Most of the fast food doesn’t require a traditional tool, like a spoon or a fork, people can take this food at any place even “on the go” just with their fingers. In addition, the easy food liberates many housewives. In a sense, food preparation is no longer a tough work for women, they could have more time to do what they really want to do, for instance, a meaningful job or enjoying the leisure life.

It seems that fast food brings us more leisure time and it does make our life better, however, there is a huge hidden risk in having fast food. I will move on to show you some serious drawbacks. Foods like pizza, French fries, hamburgers are often covered a thick layer of cheese, which is extremely high in salt, fat or calories and very low in fiber or nutrients. What is more, these foods are always served with high-energy beverages like sugar soft drinks or creamy milk. From one counting survey by Department of Agriculture which shows the comparison of mean intake of energy and some other nutrients between children who have fast food and those without fast food (Figure 1), we can clearly find out that children having fast food take more total fat, energy, carbohydrate and more sugar as well. Consumption of fast food among children is proofed to have a very bad effect on dietary quality in ways that could dramatically increase risk for obesity----being too fat, also could contribute to influence health which can lead to a critical disease or even death. As we know these substances are all used to provide energy for our body, when if we overtake too much energy, the part which we can not use up in time will be transferred to fat and stored in our body, that’s the main reason to cause so many children are growing fatter and fatter.

To make matter worse, fast food not only causes obesity, it also plays a major role of causing some health problem. Since the fast food become more and more popular, according to the CDC, unfortunately, it also has become a main factor of a series of serious diseases. It is suggested to cause Heart disease, diabetes, sleep Apnea, liver damage and stroke. All these disease are critical to health, bringing a huge potential risk to people. With taking more and more fast food, people are in danger.

In addition, food preparation is an important family event. What a delightful thing that after a day’s hard working, people go home and have a nice warm food preparation with family. In the modern busy society, people under greater stress spend less time at home. For one couple, maybe the only thing they can do together before going to bed is cooking. They cooperate and help each other which always can bond their moment and relationship. This honey time means a lot to all the member of family and should be treasured. Besides, cooking is also a cultural and traditional thing. The skill of cooking tradition food stands for the spirit and the life style, which is worthy being passed on to next generation instead of having the simple easy-prepared fast food. Otherwise, people in the future could only know how to heat ready-to-eat meals which looks like just a stupid time-consuming task.

To sum up, as I discussed, although fast food has a little positive effect and did bring the convenience, it is still considered as unhealthy junk food for its huge potential risk. We need to care about ourselves and family, friends as well. Not only should people learn to pay more attention to health, but also treasure and protect the culture and tradition, not just try to save time in an inappropriate way. Only with a healthy body and successful time management, we can live a real better life. (total 921 words)

First Draft----Iris

topic: Can money buy happiness?

Introduction:

The pursuit of happiness is an everlasting human endeavor in all societies. Whether money can buy happiness or not is a controversial issue triggering a heated discussion. Some people say that money could bring us a lot, particularly because we are now in the world with greater material wealth. Therefore, they hold that material possession is very helpful in bringing us happiness because money can cover your physical needs, improve your life standard. As well, with money , you may own a high social status. That’s the very reason why the accumulation of wealth becomes the single most important goal in many people’s lives. However, the other people hold that only contribution can bring you large happiness rather than acquisition. They firmly believe that only contribution, helping others, achieving dreams and sharing with friends can bring you large happiness. According to survey, money can affect people to some extent. Research shows that income has a positive relationship with happiness, although it is not straight line. ( Christopher Peterson, 2008). This essay would be divided into three parts. Firstly, it will discuss what money could bring, then analyze the relationship between money and happiness. After that, it will move on to another part to explore the source of happiness. At last I would reach my conclusion.

What money could bring us?

Ever since the invention of currency, humans have been both enjoying economic benefits and the delight of shopping. First of all, it is undeniable that earning more money ensures higher standards of living. Typically, rapid economic development has allowed a greater variety of commodities to be produced, displayed and sold. The various kinds of goods stimulate people’s eyeball. Many people feel an impulse to go shopping, especially online stores no matter when they are in good or bad mood. People use money to exchange the goods, not only just to cover daily life’s needs, but also live as a popular leisure activity. For instance, people planning to buy food in the supermarket may instead bring home clothes and many other things that they like rather than they need. It is hard to resist the temptation of the advertisement everywhere. People are attracted by new functions and new style displayed from the advertisement. There are some tempting logans to make people not thinking when making decisions, such as : come on, buy it , just small money you can own it, then you can live in the new life style. It seems to imply that if you own the goods, then your life would be changed. Such a promotion are used particularly in electronic markets such as mobile phones, MP3 and computers , due to their amazing speed of updating. At the beginning , the function of mobile phone is limited to telecommunication. Step by step , phone carry more and more other functions like text messaging, palying music , playing game. . The updates of products improve your image, therefore , people pursue the new goods ,such as new phones. People tend to pursue the latest versions , especially young people. The more money you earn , the more you could afford. Due to this reason, earning more and more money becoming people’s single goal in their life.

What is the relationship between money and happiness?

Why cannot people stop shopping? It is no doubt that shopping could bring them happiness. However, happiness is just brief pleasure, which could not last for long time. This is especially evident in the shift of the role that women play in the modern society. No longer satisfied with the traditional responsibilities of housewives, many females have entered the workforce by taking a full-time job. Thus , with high and double income, the couple could afford an expensive house and all the luxuries they desire , such as a splendid racing car and LV. However, even if they get more, happiness would not always accumulate. Comparing to their parents , they didn’t get more happiness although they own more than their parents. According to the research, money definitely could bring happiness in some extent. Along with the salary increase , the happiness go up. Your nerve system is stimulated, then you feel pleasure, but this could not always work. There exists some related coefficient between money and happiness. (Christopher Peterson, 2008). For example , some millionaires posses huge wealth ,however, they are still not happy. Some of them even suffer from depression. Sometimes, money is straining interpersonal relationship and even causing tragedies . It is not news that we often hear that one guy won the lottery, but just one or two years later, he was sent to the jail. Due to the sudden huge wealth, he cannot control himself,. Then he started to gamble, excessively drink, and even take drugs. Money did not bring happiness to him. Instead money brings him disaster. In China, the anti-rich backlash is becoming more and more popular. Obviously, some of the rich men are becoming the target of jealousy. Therefore, they are not happy because they are always worrying about their personal safety.

What is the source of happiness?

If the money could not bring the lasting happiness, what was the source of happiness? What is the real happiness? Some people hold that through helping others and contributing to the whole society, you would get the peace of mind, and then you can own the lasting happiness. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, people have different needs in their mind. At the bottom, it is basic needs like food, clothing and shelter, which are essential for people to survive. It is not doubt that money could meet these needs. However, people also need love, safety and belonging . Money could not necessarily buy these things. Only through personal efforts, you can obtain confidence, self-esteem and self-actualization. This is the source of happiness.


Conclusion:

Based on the discussion above, we know that money is important. Without money, it is hard to live. As well, due to the gap of rich and poor, lacking of money would make people feel of the lower society status and probably feel depressed. However, it is not the true essence of happiness. The source of happiness lies in becoming more and more confident, trying best to achieve goals , and helping other people. From my point of view, the key factor of happiness is through personal efforts to obtain your goal, to own a spirit of philanthropy, and try your best to help each other. This is the true source of true happiness, which would be lasting for long time.



References:
1. David Futrelle (2006) Can money buy happiness ? CNN. Money
http://money.cnn.com/magazines/moneymag/moneymag_archive/2006/08/01/8382225/index.htm
2. http://www.getrichslowly.org/blog/2010/04/12/trading-happiness-for-money-a-bad-bargain/
3. Christopher Peterson (2008). Money and happiness, The good life positive psychology and what make life worth living. (June 6, 2008)

Draft 1.Essay.Shantanu

Topic: Advertising should be an important consideration of ethical business.


We are totally surrounded with advertisements. Now if we can see in an advertisement that someone is drinking some kind of energy drink and doing crazy things all day with a lot of energy then what will be the impact on consumers? The impact will be if any one drinks that energy drink then that person would be able to be that much energetic. But in the real life is it true? May be or maybe not. But the question is showing this kind of advert is how ethical? Now a day’s ethics had being a big issue in the business world. Everybody is talking about doing ethical business. Business ethics means what is right and wrong in the business. Though it has been still a vague definition of business ethics that what is right or wrong but it is vey much clear to all that no one can show wrong, puffed up or unclear information in their advertisement. If any one does so then it would be nothing but a deceitful doing with the consumers. Now people are talking about environment friendly product, donation or other kind of social welfare jobs by the companies as the ethical business. But advertising is the most common and efficient way to communicate with the consumers. Advertisements represent a company. So that should be the most ethical part of the business. But still we don’t relate advertisements and ethics together. In the essay it will be discussed both for and against arguments of that how important is this to take advertisements under consideration of doing ethical business.

There are a lot of arguments for not making ethics an issue in advertisements. Some of the main arguments are discussed below:
In business there are four steps of consumer’s perception before buy anything. These four steps actually help business to understand about the factors that influences consumers or it helps businesses to understand consumer’s psychological thinking steps before buy any product or services. The first step is,
Problem/Need Recognition:
Before buying anything consumer first has to have the need or problem of the product or service. If anyone is very happy with what he/she has got then buying desire will never come to his or her mind. So for the first step consumer need to feel the need of the product. For example: one has got a cell phone and accidently it has been broken. Then the owner of the cell phone will feel to buy another cell phone. This is called problem/need recognition.
Information Search:
After recognizing the problem or need to buy new product, consumer will begin to search about the information’s about the product or service. From the previous example that person will search in the market that what kind of cell phones are available and what he/she actually needs. He/she will search information about the product to make the decision of buying.
Evaluation of Different Purchase Options:
After searching the information consumer will try to evaluate the purchase options or alternatives. May be he/she can think about getting the old one fixed rather than buying a new one. In this step consumers try to find the best combination of price, quality and features. Brand image also effects consumer’s evaluation.
Purchase Decision:
After the evaluation stage consumers make the final decision to purchase the product. In this step consumer think about what will be the way of buying, what will be the way payment and after sales service.
Generally consumers go through these four steps before their purchasing decision. So business people say that it is not easy to change their decision just with the advertisements. Consumers make their own decision. No business can survive without having the quality in their product or service. And if any company shows advertisements for their quality products or services then there is nothing wrong with that.
Another argument is that there are rules and regulations by the governments for making advertisements in every country. So there cannot be any unethical advertisements because every advertisement has to obey the rules, which are provided by the government and get the permission before facing the consumers. For example, CAP is UK. CAP means committee of advertising policy. They maintain the code of conduct of the advertisements, which are shown in UK. Even anyone can complain about any advertisements in their website or contact them and they will recheck again that the accused advert is in the right track or not. They always keep updating the rules and regulations to protect the consumers.
Some business people say that if they want to pay too much attention on the ethics of advertisements then showing advertisements will not be cost effective. Moreover they would not be able to transfer the proper message about their product to the consumers accurately. This will not just affect the profit only, this will affect consumers to get the right product or services as well.
Now we are going to talk about the real picture and role of advertisements in the society and our life. We can divide the harms of unethical advertisements in four categories as the arguments for. Those are:
Advertisements can mislead consumers by misrepresent or hiding the fact about the product. Not only this, advertisements can convince people to buy instead of persuade or motivate. Companies are focusing on the other factors in their product like brand image, not the quality. So basically by doing all these advertisements are making needs those are not natural. It harms the basic balance of the economy. It affects the poorer and weaker members of the society and the market as well.
To reach more audiences advertisers often ignore the basic social needs of the consumers and they target very young, very old or poor people of the society who don’t even fulfill the demographic market segmentation. By doing so advertisers take the moral responsibility to a lower position. Moreover sometimes advertisements can be a cross-cultural issue. All advertisements can’t be acceptable by all cultures.
To make advertisements it needs a lot of money. Naturally wealthier candidate remains in the advantage position. But it doesn’t mean that, that candidate is the perfect choice. So it harms the democracy in a country. Moreover advertising one political body often can be offensive to other one. That is not also ethical.
Sometimes advertisements can be offensive from a religious view. Moreover advertisers sometimes use religious body to sell products, which is also not ethical.

Advertisements are the most efficient and prominent way to communicate with the consumers. A company can be represented by the advertisements. So if misrepresentation, unethical matters remain in this most efficient communication media then consumer right will be hampered. Though there are rules and regulations to make adverts but still some of them can bypass the real truth. One positive sign is that people are getting careful and that is why business ethics has been a big issue now days. But communication media is not that much included. We should be more careful about including advertisements into an important consideration of business ethics and protect the consumer’s rights.

Ref:
Phillip V. Lewis, October, 1985, Journal of Business Ethics, Defining ‘business ethics’: Like nailing jello to a wall
http://www.springerlink.com/content/9604533j32rl1n5m/
http://hubpages.com/hub/Mass-Media-Influence-on-Society 
http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/pccs/documents/rc_pc_pccs_doc_22021997_ethics-in-ad_en.html 
http://www.learnmarketing.net/consumer.htm

the whole essay ( draft) -- Sue

Topic: Are women better parents than men

Being parent is hard work but can bring fulfilling and memorable experience. In fact, both genders are capable of looking after children but they have various responsibilities. Traditionally, the majority of females were housewives who were responsible to do housework, childcare only and fathers were the pillar of economics who worked outside. Unfortunately, nowadays, the single mothers and fathers have been increased in modern life .Thus, females can be more important role and independent in their families due to they have to instead of father’s role to have reliable income and take care their children simultaneously. Basically, women are good at looking after children if compare with men. This is because women have innate female aptitude. For instance, mothers are always worry about their children leading to make a plan and do enough preparation for them such as choosing nutritional food .Thus, they are willing to stay at home or desire to come back home immediately even they have their own careers. They are also comparative know how to distribute their time for the time between their job and families .However, most of men prefer having some entertainments to release their stressed after working rather than go home. Men may think children always make noise and annoying lead to less participate in communication with them. They may also believe that communication which is mother’s responsibility. Therefore, men may easier to neglect their children than women. This essay will focus on psychological and biological factors to discuss the argument for women may be better parent than men and the argument against men can be good parents rather than women. I will also give my opinion and explain why I agree women are better parents that men in the conclusion.


Parents can abandon anything but excluding their children. Most of women think parenting is their career that they are willing to dedicate their life to their family. However, men may not able to distracted to think about their children when they concentrate on working. For instance, when married couples decide to divorce, mothers might strive for the authority of staying with children rather than fathers. The survey from US department of commerce was indicated that about 5 of every 6 custodial parents were mothers by 84.4 percent but merely 1 in 6 were fathers by 15.6 percent in 2002 .(1) Therefore, women may be more dedicated parents than men due to the psychological factor. Moreover, non custodial fathers comply with the law who are responsible and commit to pay alimony. The survey also reported that about 59 percent of custodial parents had various type of support agreement for their children via court order (1) .The divorced couples may make the non legal agreement between each other e such as arrange their children can see their non custodial fathers regularly to maintain their relationship or provide more alimony for child support.

Furthermore, women have shorter reproductive life than man because of biological urge can lead to many women desire to become mothers.. Men can have many children if they want more but women can not due to menopause. “Most male can raise their reproduction by mating with many females” (Betzig 1992) (2). For instance, The world most prolific father, Ismail the Bloodthirsty, is such a man.. According to the Guinness book of world records, he fathered 888 children.(2) Maternal effect and identifications may cause women are more primary parents than men. Females have instinctive ability of childbearing and behavior of child-rearing because of nature. Women have vital role and impossible to change of sexual division of labor even in the past or present. Therefore, women have lower fitness ceiling due to ten months of gestation and feel children are more important for them because they experience how hard and memorable during the period between gestation and labor. In fact, mother’s role can not change and replace by males because of various factors between physical and biological but men are possible to be better parent then women in different situation.

Apparently, Fathers are always give the impression which is never do housework and can not look after their children very well because they may think that is women’s responsibility in family. As the report indicates the high percentage of custodial mothers which reflect the children are more preferable to stay with their mothers than fathers but this phenomenon which is not really true。In fact, fathers can be better parents because “mothering” is not only female’s exclusive skill. For instance, single fathers who have to manage their family and go to work simultaneously. The study cites that four out of five single fathers who did the housekeeping by themselves and did not rely on housekeeper or girlfriend. Over 80% of all fathers reported that they were personally responsible for the different tasks of housekeeping: grocery shopping food preparation, house cleaning and yard work (3).The result also indicates that children had dinner with their fathers at home between five and six times per week. (3) Single fathers can be primary parents because of their patient and caring for their children but their economic status also is a vital factor.
Over half of the most wealthy men with about 58% hire outside help for house keeping versus 13% to 19 % of men in other income categories(4) which means the high income single fathers are
willing to do housekeeping for their families such as cooking dinner.

Moreover, Males can be satisfied fathers even they have no tendency and skill to look after children. However ,they have traits and tend to internalize their psychic predisposition that are possible reasons can replace mother’s role. For instance, single fathers are busy at work but they would know what expectation for their children such as activities, health care. It’ is hard for their children express what are they exactly needs but the single fathers can make well arranged preparation.


In conclusion, it is obvious that women and men are both can be satisfied parents but it may occur in different situation. In my point of view, I believe that women are better parents than men because it is no doubt women’s mothering ability which is natural such as the period of pregnancy and labour that women have to suffer extremely pained process before they be mothers leading to women closed connection with their children. Thus, mothers would like to devote their life to their family. However, men never experience how painful of labour. Maternity can not instead of men despite they can do housekeeping and childcare as women.





References:

Family relations, vol.35, No.1, The single parent Family (Jan 1986),P95-102,Punlished by: National Council on Family Relations

(1) Timothy S.Grall(2003),current population report,” Custodial mothers and fathers and their children support:2001”

(2)Dorothy Einon (1998)”How many children can one men have”

(3) Barbara J. Risman(1996) “Can Men “ Mother” Life as a Single Father , the Result from instrument tasks of childrearing: Fathers as Homemakers

(4) Barbara J. Risman(1996) “Can Men “ Mother” Life as a Single Father , the Result from the impact of social class

The First Draft of the Whole Essay - Freya

Is globalization good or bad?

A little revise of introduction according to the comment:

Nowadays the word, “globalisation”, is being talked about by everyone, also you can hear it from everywhere. Actually, it came from the two phrases “global tribe” and “global village” introduced first by Marshall McLuhan in his book “the Gutenberg Galaxy” in 1962. Since the high-speed and continuous development of communication technologies in the world, the geographic restrictions have been gradually reduced, the whole earth is just like a “classroom without walls” (McLuhan 1960, pp. 1-3). Especially, in recent years, there is an obvious rise in the level of interdependence between districts, cities and countries that contributes to the human increasing awareness of globalization (Robertson 1992). Such a word seems to already have become a dominant part of our social lives (Hirst & Grahame 1996) and hugely influenced on economy, culture and even politics. Meanwhile, it has evoked a sweeping and fierce controversy about whether the globalisation brings the advantages, or exerts a negative influence in every aspect. This essay attempts to analyze positive and negative effects impacted by globalization on three main fields mentioned above.

Body & Conclusion：

There is no doubt that the economy is the most important area and promotes the process of globalization, by which culture and politics are gradually influenced (El-Ojeili and Hayden 2006). The capitalism stands in the breach due to the driving force, say, the profit. Usually, it means the capital that follows the lowest cost will flow into the developing countries, like Africa and Asia, from developed ones, such as the U.S.A. and Europe, especially in manufacturing industry at first, which leads to the international trade and new division of labour (Waters 2001). For the recipient nations, they can acquire enough investments to help the disadvantaged industries, also boost the local economy. Consequently, the ratio of unemployment will descend, for instance, on the ground that natives will get jobs and wages and the local construction will be improved as well at the same time. However, there was a big downward trend of employment rate in capital exporters (El-Ojeili and Hayden 2006) where it was claimed that developing countries took away the opportunity of work, salaries from advanced countries due to that more and more factories would be closed down and moved into the low-cost area. The fact is that after a period of time, the third industries obtained a good development that the number of labours in services increased (El-Ojeili and Hayden). Just work force re-distribution happened in the world. Different people in different areas could do distinct works.

As for culture, although its tendency to globalisation is greatly affected by economy, with the rapid technological revolution, the change of culture is more obvious than the other arenas (Waters 2001). Previously, human beings do not know each other or just a little, even have a misunderstanding about others’ culture, mainly owing to relatively far dimension. So the diversity of transportation’ invention is obligated to promote the human movement from here to there. In particular, after the mass media’s spread, the communication is becoming increasingly convenient and fast that people staying in one place could see everything, which happened before and happens now. It apparently enhanced the mutual understanding between different areas. Nonetheless, some arguments against the trend hold that there is less and less otherness in culture area all the world. The globalisation gives rise to the cultural homogeneity, even more and more alike people (Steger 2005). According to Tomlinson (1999), the mainstream culture of the global is dominated by the large international companies, such as McDonald, which use the high-tech for disseminating its thoughts and affecting people in the world. Some identities of local culture are disappearing, since everything could be seen everywhere. Yet it is cannot be denied that the globalisation has consolidated the interconnectivity and linkage of the whole earth, whatever you are, whatever the distance is. Meanwhile, it needs to be treated carefully for protecting the specialty of either individual or a country.

The third one, politics, is undoubtedly closely connected with the two former aspects, which brought about human awareness of politics influenced by globalisation. Talking about it, it must be associated with international relation, in which there is no a conspicuous feature displaying comparatively high level of globalised politics (Waters 2001). A lot of layers of governance of nations still collide with the time of globalisation’s coming; even some claimed that it would spawn problems, like terrorism, to lead to an unsafe situation and to constitute a threat to a country. Not surprisingly, there is resistance existing, for this power of globalisation will definitely weaken the state power. Whereas, the reality is that it could help built the politic mutual trust, and then properly lower the divergence between countries-- the best example is European Union. On the other hand, it could push economic growth and cultural communication, because sometimes the politics’ distinction is the chief obstruction for the development of a country.

In the final analysis, in the period of last 20 years, it is convinced that globalisation has been “an irresistible process” (Watts 2000, p. 69). Although it causes a series of problems in economic, cultural and politic spheres, the most important thing is that it generates tremendous benefits for the current society and facilitates anthropic life. As an old saying said:” no pain, no gain,” if we want to obtain something quite difficult we have to pay for it. It still needs, however, to find out the solution to reduce the discord brought by globalisation as much as possible.


Reference:

Carpenter, E. & McLuhan, M. (1960) Explorations in Communication: an anthology. pp. 1-3, 125-135, 180-183, 207-208, Boston in the U.S.A., Beacon Press.

El-Ojeili, C. & Hayden, P. (2006) Critical Theories of Globalization. Pp. 49-55, 80-83, 89-133. New York, Palgrave Macmillan

Hirst, P. & Thompson, G. (1996) Globalization in Question. Cambridge, Polity Press.

McLuhan, M. (1962) The Gutenberg Galaxy: the making of typographic man. Ch. 1, pp. 1-9, Ch. 2, pp. 28-32, Great Britain, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd.

Robertson, R. (1992) Globalization: social theory and global culture. London, SAGE Publications Ltd.

Steger, M. B. (2005) Globalism: market ideology meets terrorism. 2nd. ed. pp. 27-43. U.S.A., Rowman & Littlefield Publisher, Inc.

Tomlinson, J. (1999) Globalization and Culture. Oxford, Polity Press.

Waters, M. (2001) Globalization. 2nd. ed. London, Routledge.

Watts, R. (2000) The Right Thing: Globalization and the Policy Process - A Case Study. In: McBride, S. & Wiseman, J. Globalization and Its Discontents. Great Britain, Macmillan Press Ltd.

the whole essay-annie

Topic-Nurture strongly influences early human development
Today, some people want to get the answer that whether the nature or nurture influence on early human development.And most of scientists believe that nature and nurture influence human development both. Nature and nurture are interactive influences, and it has great impact on people's trait, growths, even lives and values (Robert & John, 2007, P4). For the definition, nature refers to heredity from our parents, and nurture refers to the environment factors, and include social and phusical evnironment (AC content producer, 2005). However, there is still an argument. Some researchers may think the genes that play a strong role affect our development. Through many twin and adoption studies show how genes have a great impact on personality traits, but it doesn't mean that environmental factores or nurture has no effect on human development. Therefore I strongly agreed that nurture has more important influences and play a decisive role in early human development. This essay will describe the impact of the nurturem and then explain taht why nurture strongly influences early human development and what is its influence for people, I give some examples to prove my point of views. After that, from the opposite view, I will give some reasome explain that why nature and both of them interactive influences also very important in early human development. Finally, I will conclude my opinion.

The behaviorist Watson claim that new born babies can be trained into any type of person waht he wanted and ignore the heredity, such as physician, lawyer even thief, Watson denied the impact by genes and believed that can determine person's development through environment training, And many psychologists still supported this point of view today (Kenneth, 2004). Moreover, many scientists want to prove the influences of environmental factors on personality trait through twin studies and adoption studies. Thus, the scientists can get the results to prove the great impact from genes and enviornmrnt on huamn development. According the article, through the fraternal twins study (twins who share only 50% of their genes), the results those show the more impact from outside environment on developing personality trait when they were raised in the same environment. These determine factores
such as: different education, different outside life conditin and people around. Then they can become greatly defferent. Adoption studies are also a good example, children were adopted and lived with their siblings who are not share any genes. But the adopted children have a great impact with their adopted families (AC content producer, 2005). The influences may can from educated by biological parents and siblings' characters and attitudes influences.

Nurture has influenced on early human development via training, family and society. According the Watson's claims above, new babies can be change and turn into any kind of adult, and training and extra simulation can accelerate early human development. Furthermore, family and society are also are as and important part. The research shows that criminal behavior of an individual was influenced by environment factors, and this evidence has been being proved in a number of twins and adoption studies. If the person were raised a right envionment, then the chances of criminal or anti-behaviror would decrease (Caitlin, 2005). Another example from the divorce families, children who were raised a happiness family seems more successful, while children who live in a divorce family are at greater risk.

It can be argued that influences early human development. The earlier view of child development focused either on nature or nurture. Although some people agreed with intelligence was affected by environmental factores through the education, training and some others life-condition's influences, but the intelligence still directly influenced by genes. Through the twins studies, we can know that the identical twins were separated and raised in different envronment, but they still shared many similar trait for each other ( AC content producer, 2005). From another article, it point out that the most influence in personality is genetics, and many researchers believe that we are born with certain talents. The heredity factors determine who we are and what we become ( Theodore, 2004). Moreover, on the other side, the studies also show the interaction between nature and nurture ( or heredity and enviroment). For example, a child is born with a talent for music and expressed at an early age, and then the parents expose this talent and give more practices and good education, so that make his talent develops and grows. It is very clear explained that both the child's inherited talent and environment shaped his early human development.

Environment plays a very important role on human development, it can shape the person's skills, values, attitudes and identities. People can know who we are and who we want to be, these influences through by different personal experiences and behaviors (Ersin & Ruth & Peter R &Peter B, 2000). In my opinions, children can become any type of person regardless heredity through training. And environmental factors also have impact on personality trait. It is can be affected by education, life-condition or different people around. According the example above, nature offer people the born abilities and talent, but nurture offer people to develop their talent. Nurture can make person's character rechange. Therefore, I agreed with nurture more strongly influences early human development.

Reference
1 AC content producer ( Dec 16, 2005). The childhood nature vs nurture debate continues.
www.nurture-or-nature/articles/twinandadoption-studies/index.php
2 Robert K., John C. (2007), Human development: a life-span view. 5th. ed. p4, Wadworth press USA.
www.books.google.co.uk/books/humandevelopment-alifespan.htm
3 Kenneth D.,Johnson. (Apr 1, 2004) , nature and nurture: a biosocial perspective, how it looks today, pepperdine university, Malibu, California.
kj.wvr.net/introNN.pdf
4 Ersin K, Ruth W, Peter R.S, Peter B.S(2000), nature over nurture: temperament, personlity, and life span development. Journal of personlity and social psychology, University of Sussex.
www.psych.illinois.edu/broberts/McCrae/202000.pdf
5 Robert H, Divorce and children
www.athealth.com/consumer/disorders/childrendivorce.html
6 Caitlin M (2005), Genetic and environmental influences on criminal behavior, Rochester Institute of Technology.
www.personalityresearch.org/papers/jones.html
7 Theodore M.(2004). personality disorders in modern life, published by John Wiley Inc, Hoboken New Jersey.P36
www.books.google.co.uk/books/personality-disorderinmodernlife.html
8 Genetic and environmental influences on human development
www.nios.ac.in/secpsycour/unit-11.pdf