Introduction:
The latest trend in the developing countries is urbanization. Urbanization actually means development in the urban areas of the country and migration of the people from rural areas to those developed urban areas. [Unclear] It is good for a country to develop but on the other hand it is not good for the rural areas, which remains undeveloped. [are you going to support this assertion?] Moreover this kind of migration [what kind?] also creates a lot of pollution and economic imbalance. This is harmful for sustainable development. Sustainable development means development that will sustain [again, don't define a term by using the same term] or remain for a long time period considering factors in mind that can be responsible for future development like environment. There can be some other factors like empowerment of the poor people, which can be a big consideration for future development. If the poorest populations get their empowerment in the rural areas then it will be nothing but a proper sustainable development for a developing country and those poor people will not try to go to the urban areas for living. One of the most popular steps is microcredit for the sustainable development in Bangladesh. People can borrow money from the bank but they need to show some property to the bank against that loan. They call it collateral [use it then define it] in the language of business. But no bank is going to give loan to a poor man who doesn’t have anything as a collateral. May be if that person could get the loan he could have done a business for living and crossed the poverty line. For this reason microcredit has been introduced in Bangladesh. Microcredit is a very small amount of loan for the poor people that they can give back in very small installments through a long period of time. For small weekly installments it became very easy for them to repay back the money. As they didn’t show any kind of collateral, staffs from bank needed to know about their full information like where they live, about their neighbours and many more. This microcredit program was taken by some non-profit organizations (NGO) and later some governmental projects were also included. But the question is how far this was a real help for the poor people. There are many questions about the efficiency of the microcredit like microcredit is not reaching the vulnerable areas of the country, their interest rate is so high that they are making poor people even poorer or they are making gender conflict even worst. Microcredit was good when it was first introduced but now it is not a real help for the poor people of the rural areas of Bangladesh, it became like a burden for them. In my essay I want to analyze both positive and negative issues of microcredit and how efficient is its role for the sustainable development.
ref:
www.grameen.com
S.Amin, A.S.Rai, G.Topa(2003), “ Does microcredit reach the poor and vulnerable? Evidence from northern Bangladesh”, Journal of Development Economics, volume 70, pg 59-82.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VBV-46X2MGM-2&_user=10&_coverDate=02%2F28%2F2003&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1390333120&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=8c14e31a04ae3ef66e7db7c851c1bc5d
Mallick, Ross(2002) 'Implementing and evaluating microcredit in Bangladesh', Development in Practice, 12: 2, 153 — 163.
http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713412875
Sunday, 4 July 2010
Essay Outline - Shantanu
Topic: To what extent can the problems of urbanization be met by a policy of sustainable development?
Focus point: Is microcredit really the way forward in rural Bangladesh?
Introduction:
Definition of urbanization as it is a latest trend.
Definition of Sustainable development
Short description of microcredit and why it is related to sustainable development?
Thesis: Microcredit is not that much effective for the sustainable development in rural Bangladesh.
Main body:
How microcredit really works?
Which organizations are mainly working with microcredit: Grameen Bank, Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC), and Bangladesh Rural Development Board's (BRDB) RD-12 project.
Success history of Microcredit so far.
Real picture and negative impacts of microcredit: high interest rate, not reaching the proper vulnerable areas, making poor people even poorer.
Conclusion:
Summary of the negative impacts.
Restate the thesis.
Some recommendation and own opinions.
Ref:
S.Amin, A.S.Rai, G.Topa(2003), “ Does microcredit reach the poor and vulnerable? Evidence from northern Bangladesh”, Journal of Development Economics, volume 70, pg 59-82.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VBV-46X2MGM-2&_user=10&_coverDate=02%2F28%2F2003&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1390333120&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=8c14e31a04ae3ef66e7db7c851c1bc5d
Mallick, Ross(2002) 'Implementing and evaluating microcredit in Bangladesh', Development in Practice, 12: 2, 153 — 163.
http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713412875
Focus point: Is microcredit really the way forward in rural Bangladesh?
Introduction:
Definition of urbanization as it is a latest trend.
Definition of Sustainable development
Short description of microcredit and why it is related to sustainable development?
Thesis: Microcredit is not that much effective for the sustainable development in rural Bangladesh.
Main body:
How microcredit really works?
Which organizations are mainly working with microcredit: Grameen Bank, Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC), and Bangladesh Rural Development Board's (BRDB) RD-12 project.
Success history of Microcredit so far.
Real picture and negative impacts of microcredit: high interest rate, not reaching the proper vulnerable areas, making poor people even poorer.
Conclusion:
Summary of the negative impacts.
Restate the thesis.
Some recommendation and own opinions.
Ref:
S.Amin, A.S.Rai, G.Topa(2003), “ Does microcredit reach the poor and vulnerable? Evidence from northern Bangladesh”, Journal of Development Economics, volume 70, pg 59-82.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VBV-46X2MGM-2&_user=10&_coverDate=02%2F28%2F2003&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1390333120&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=8c14e31a04ae3ef66e7db7c851c1bc5d
Mallick, Ross(2002) 'Implementing and evaluating microcredit in Bangladesh', Development in Practice, 12: 2, 153 — 163.
http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713412875
Outline - Freya
To What Extent Can the Problems of Urbanisation be Met by a Policy of Sustainable Development?
——The situations of water, land (housing), and transport in Tokyo
Introduction:
a) What is ‘sustainable development’? Give the definition of it.
b) What is ‘urbanisation’? Give the definition.
What problems are caused by it? Like crowd, pollution, lack of space
c) The mega-cities all suffer from these problems, such as Tokyo.
Talk about three main arenas: water, land (housing) and transport in Tokyo.
d) The present policies to these problems and possible solutions in Tokyo.
e) Whether these solutions are workable or not. If workable, what degree do they met the problems in Tokyo.
Body:
1. What happened to water? Such as groundwater
The cause of these problems
The policies for solving and evaluation of it, may be referential to other cities
2. Lack of land, not enough house, increasing population
Land readjustment, land development
To what extent, shortage in housing was solved
3. Capability of transport system
The causes: population, vehicle, the road
The present solutions
Check effectiveness and conceivably adopted ways from other cities
Conclusion:
General description of these problems and evaluation of solutions.
Lessons and how to improve
Good experience for others
Look forward to the sustainability of future
Bibliography：
Dhakal, S. (2004) Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Asian Mega-Cities: Policies for A Sustainable Future. Japan, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES).
Furumai, H. (2008) Rain and Reclaimed Wastewater for Sustainable Urban Water Use. In: Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Vol. 33(5), pp. 340-346. Elsevier Ltd.
Hayashi, T. et al. (2009) Effects of Human Activities and Urbanization on Groundwater Environments: An Example from the Aquifer System of Tokyo and the Surrounding area. In: Science of the Total Environment. Vol. 407 (9), pp. 3165-3172. Elsevier.
Jenks, M. & Dempsey, N. (2005) Future Forms and Design for Sustainable Cities. Oxford, Architectural Press.
Mendes, M. R. (2005) Urban Environment Management Challenges in Asia. Japan, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES).
——The situations of water, land (housing), and transport in Tokyo
Introduction:
a) What is ‘sustainable development’? Give the definition of it.
b) What is ‘urbanisation’? Give the definition.
What problems are caused by it? Like crowd, pollution, lack of space
c) The mega-cities all suffer from these problems, such as Tokyo.
Talk about three main arenas: water, land (housing) and transport in Tokyo.
d) The present policies to these problems and possible solutions in Tokyo.
e) Whether these solutions are workable or not. If workable, what degree do they met the problems in Tokyo.
Body:
1. What happened to water? Such as groundwater
The cause of these problems
The policies for solving and evaluation of it, may be referential to other cities
2. Lack of land, not enough house, increasing population
Land readjustment, land development
To what extent, shortage in housing was solved
3. Capability of transport system
The causes: population, vehicle, the road
The present solutions
Check effectiveness and conceivably adopted ways from other cities
Conclusion:
General description of these problems and evaluation of solutions.
Lessons and how to improve
Good experience for others
Look forward to the sustainability of future
Bibliography：
Dhakal, S. (2004) Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Asian Mega-Cities: Policies for A Sustainable Future. Japan, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES).
Furumai, H. (2008) Rain and Reclaimed Wastewater for Sustainable Urban Water Use. In: Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Vol. 33(5), pp. 340-346. Elsevier Ltd.
Hayashi, T. et al. (2009) Effects of Human Activities and Urbanization on Groundwater Environments: An Example from the Aquifer System of Tokyo and the Surrounding area. In: Science of the Total Environment. Vol. 407 (9), pp. 3165-3172. Elsevier.
Jenks, M. & Dempsey, N. (2005) Future Forms and Design for Sustainable Cities. Oxford, Architectural Press.
Mendes, M. R. (2005) Urban Environment Management Challenges in Asia. Japan, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES).
Saturday, 3 July 2010
Outline Reza
Title: To what extent can be the problem of urbanization is met by a policy of sustainable development?
What was the UK government planning and urban renewal development in London?
Introduction
Definition of urbanization and the related problems
- Urbanization problems in the UK
Definition of sustainability
- What is sustainability development
What we call renewal program?
Background information about city of London
What is GLA (Greater London Authority).
- Mayor of London
- London assembly
The definition of Spatial Planning policy.
Main body
What are the objectives of London plan?
What are GLA responsible for?
The most important defined sites
1. Docklands (spatial planning and urban renewal)
- The key success factors of Docklands redevelopment
- What are the plans for East end? It is very important because the 2012 Olympics will be held in this area.
3. Thames Gateway (spatial planning and urban renewal)
- The planning framework principles for the Thames Gateway
4. Covent Garden (spatial planning and urban renewal)
- UK's first ever food night market
5. Paddington Waterside (spatial planning and urban renewal)
- What important plans have been done?
6. Waterloo (spatial planning and urban renewal)
- GLA proposals for redeveloping Waterloo
Conclusion
Was the urban renewal program of main areas of London city development successful?
References (Only main articles)
Legislative Council Secretariat. (2002) Report of the delegation of the Panel on
duty visit in September 2002 to study the experiences on town planning, urban
renewal and heritage preservation in Singapore, Berlin and London.
Report for the the Deputy Prime Minister, (2005) Planning Policy Statement:
Delivering Sustainable Development, United Kingdom, ISBN 0 11 753939 2
Wednesday, 30 June 2010
Kamran's Essay outline
Title: To what extent can be the problem of urbanization is met by a policy of sustainable development?
- To what extent policies of UK government are helping in reducing the pollution of urban areas and the roll of big industries.
Introduction:
- Definition of urbanization and detail background with relevant information.
- What is policy? How and who made? Some details about policy to clear an idea.
- What we called sustainable development?
- Definition of sustainability. What meant by sustainable development?
- Background information how it started and how far it has worked or progress.
- information about my thesis, i.e.
- UK government policies and pollution problems in urban areas
- roll of industries in creating and helping in pollution problem
- My stand in essay, and what will be my conclusion
Main Body:
- Describing and evaluating different problems related to urbanization
- Overcrowding
- Lack of resources – because of overcrowding
- Increase in Crimes
- Housing Prices
- Jobs competition
- Health problems
My Focus:
- Describing and evaluating different problems related to pollution
- Air
- Traffic
- Noise
- Recycling
- Roll of government in solving these problems
- Government policies
- Roll of Industries
Conclusion:
- Redefining the thesis i.e. UK government policies and the roll of industries in creating and helping pollution problem of urban areas.
- How far these policies helped to achieve the government targets?
- Some common recommendation and suggestion to tackle the pollution problem based on previous literature and research done before.
REFERENCES:
J. A. LEE & J. H. TALLIS (28 SEPTEMBER 1973) “Regional and Historical Aspects of Lead Pollution in Britain” Nature volume 245, 216 – 218 Department of Botany, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL
Mitlin. D (1992-4) “Sustainable Development: a Guide to the Literature” Environment and Urbanization.
Camagni . R, Capello. R and Nijkamp. R (1998) “Towards sustainable city policy: an economy-environment technology nexus” Ecological Economics 24, pg 103–118
- To what extent policies of UK government are helping in reducing the pollution of urban areas and the roll of big industries.
Introduction:
- Definition of urbanization and detail background with relevant information.
- What is policy? How and who made? Some details about policy to clear an idea.
- What we called sustainable development?
- Definition of sustainability. What meant by sustainable development?
- Background information how it started and how far it has worked or progress.
- information about my thesis, i.e.
- UK government policies and pollution problems in urban areas
- roll of industries in creating and helping in pollution problem
- My stand in essay, and what will be my conclusion
Main Body:
- Describing and evaluating different problems related to urbanization
- Overcrowding
- Lack of resources – because of overcrowding
- Increase in Crimes
- Housing Prices
- Jobs competition
- Health problems
My Focus:
- Describing and evaluating different problems related to pollution
- Air
- Traffic
- Noise
- Recycling
- Roll of government in solving these problems
- Government policies
- Roll of Industries
Conclusion:
- Redefining the thesis i.e. UK government policies and the roll of industries in creating and helping pollution problem of urban areas.
- How far these policies helped to achieve the government targets?
- Some common recommendation and suggestion to tackle the pollution problem based on previous literature and research done before.
REFERENCES:
J. A. LEE & J. H. TALLIS (28 SEPTEMBER 1973) “Regional and Historical Aspects of Lead Pollution in Britain” Nature volume 245, 216 – 218 Department of Botany, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL
Mitlin. D (1992-4) “Sustainable Development: a Guide to the Literature” Environment and Urbanization.
Camagni . R, Capello. R and Nijkamp. R (1998) “Towards sustainable city policy: an economy-environment technology nexus” Ecological Economics 24, pg 103–118
the essay outline----Eddie
Title: To what extend can the problems of urbanisation be met by a policy of sustainable development?
Subtitle: To examine Shanghai how to solve the urban problem ways
Introduction:
The definition of urbanisation
The definition of sustainable development
The problems of urbanisation general background such as overcrowded (high population density), traffic problem, crime, high housing price, more competitive for job, and pollution problem
A case study Shanghai
Thesis: to extend sustainable development might solve urban problem in Shanghai
Main body
Describe the urban problem in Shanghai
Due to open policy, Shanghai’s economic grows staggering
Population density
Environment pollution and inadequate sewage treatment capacity
Over concentration of industries
Traffic congestion (lack of the transportation infrastructure and public facilities, more people have their own cars)
Sustainable development
Urban renewal and development
Establish more the public transportation and infrastructure
Set up more satellite cities to solve overcrowded population
Move the factories to inland
Conclusion
To summarise Shanghai municipality sustainable development policy
It is estimated that Shanghai sustainable development policy whether it improves Shanghai urban problem
To restate the thesis to extend sustainable development might solve urban problem in Shanghai
Reference:
Liu Ta (1994) Urban renewal and development of Shanghai, Chinese Geographical Science, Volume4, Number3,p.p.219-231
http://www.springerlink.com/content/7jgl5447645683m1/
China Urban Sustainable Transport Research Centre (2007) Solving the traffic problem in Shanghai
http://www.urbansustrans.cn/info_detail_e.asp?id=1292
Qing Shen (1997) Urban transportation in Shanghai, China: Problems and Planning implications
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119172926/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0
Subtitle: To examine Shanghai how to solve the urban problem ways
Introduction:
The definition of urbanisation
The definition of sustainable development
The problems of urbanisation general background such as overcrowded (high population density), traffic problem, crime, high housing price, more competitive for job, and pollution problem
A case study Shanghai
Thesis: to extend sustainable development might solve urban problem in Shanghai
Main body
Describe the urban problem in Shanghai
Due to open policy, Shanghai’s economic grows staggering
Population density
Environment pollution and inadequate sewage treatment capacity
Over concentration of industries
Traffic congestion (lack of the transportation infrastructure and public facilities, more people have their own cars)
Sustainable development
Urban renewal and development
Establish more the public transportation and infrastructure
Set up more satellite cities to solve overcrowded population
Move the factories to inland
Conclusion
To summarise Shanghai municipality sustainable development policy
It is estimated that Shanghai sustainable development policy whether it improves Shanghai urban problem
To restate the thesis to extend sustainable development might solve urban problem in Shanghai
Reference:
Liu Ta (1994) Urban renewal and development of Shanghai, Chinese Geographical Science, Volume4, Number3,p.p.219-231
http://www.springerlink.com/content/7jgl5447645683m1/
China Urban Sustainable Transport Research Centre (2007) Solving the traffic problem in Shanghai
http://www.urbansustrans.cn/info_detail_e.asp?id=1292
Qing Shen (1997) Urban transportation in Shanghai, China: Problems and Planning implications
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119172926/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0
Tuesday, 29 June 2010
Nick`s essay outline
Title: What extent can the problems of urbanization be met by a policy of sustainable development?
Subtitle: what are the impacts of massive population growth by the policy of sustainable development in Shanghai?
Introduction:
1) What is urbanization?
2) What is sustainable development?
3) Some background information: what are the specific problems of urbanization in Shanghai?
4) Some existing policies of sustainable development in Shanghai
5) My opinion
Body
1) Specific problems caused by massive population density in Shanghai.
a) Crowd
b) Transport ( traffic jam, difficultly parking)
c) Hard to find a job; high pressure
d) Damage environment ( lots of house refuse, less plants, serious co2 emission)
2) Possible solutions
a) More planting, higher building
b) Decrease the price of public transport
c) control floating populations regularly
3) Successful solutions and policies
a) Establish better public transport system
b) Transfer factories to suburbs
c) Limit cars which come from other cities driven in central of city ( depend on the different categories of cars and time)
d) Village officials plan for colleague students ( encourage colleague students work in rural)
Conclusion
1) Summarize the achievements of these solutions and policies and give assessment
2) Give some recommendations
Reference
1) Qing S, (1997). Urban transportation in Shanghai, China: problems and planning implications.
2) Liu T, (1994), Urban renewal and development of Shanghai city. Journal of Chinese geographical science. Volume 4, Number 3, PP. 219-231,1994.
Subtitle: what are the impacts of massive population growth by the policy of sustainable development in Shanghai?
Introduction:
1) What is urbanization?
2) What is sustainable development?
3) Some background information: what are the specific problems of urbanization in Shanghai?
4) Some existing policies of sustainable development in Shanghai
5) My opinion
Body
1) Specific problems caused by massive population density in Shanghai.
a) Crowd
b) Transport ( traffic jam, difficultly parking)
c) Hard to find a job; high pressure
d) Damage environment ( lots of house refuse, less plants, serious co2 emission)
2) Possible solutions
a) More planting, higher building
b) Decrease the price of public transport
c) control floating populations regularly
3) Successful solutions and policies
a) Establish better public transport system
b) Transfer factories to suburbs
c) Limit cars which come from other cities driven in central of city ( depend on the different categories of cars and time)
d) Village officials plan for colleague students ( encourage colleague students work in rural)
Conclusion
1) Summarize the achievements of these solutions and policies and give assessment
2) Give some recommendations
Reference
1) Qing S, (1997). Urban transportation in Shanghai, China: problems and planning implications.
2) Liu T, (1994), Urban renewal and development of Shanghai city. Journal of Chinese geographical science. Volume 4, Number 3, PP. 219-231,1994.
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