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outline of essay

Title: To what extent can the problem of urbanization be met by a policy of sustainable development?
-to what extent do UK government policies can improve present traffic situation and reduce the impact on the environment to achieve sustainable development.

Introduction:
-the definition of sustainable development and urbanization
-the problems bring about: traffic congestion, pollution, over-crowd, high price houses, high price consumer, crime, competition.
-essay focus: traffic problems and pollution
-the existed sustainable development polices to reduce congestion, improve environment, and to encourage healthier lifestyle:
1. How to feed sustainable, low carbon, travel packages into LTP3 planning (2009)
-encourage sustainable low carbon travel

2. Delivering sustainable, low carbon, travel: An essential guide for Local Authorities (2009)
-encourage environment-friendly transport and reduce carbon emissions

3. How to reduce costs and carbon emissions from business related transport (2008)
-encourage business to adopt low cost and green transport, undertake the environmental responsibility.

-to a large extent the problems can be solved by the sustainable development policies in the long run.


Main body

-The specific problems:
-traffic pollution and noise pollution
-traffic stress and traffic congestion
-carbon emission→climate change
-bad air quality
-exhausting recourses

-Possible solution（Green travel plan）
-reduce car-based travel
-use public transport: bus, rail, and car sharing
-use green travel methods: walking, cycling


-Evidence that can show how successful the sustainable development policies is by presenting transport statistics provided by Department for Transport and researches have done before

Conclusion: -to a large extent the problems can be solved by the sustainable development policies in the long run.

Reference:
Department for Transport, http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/sustainable/

Guidelines BIG Green Commuter Challenge2010,
www.portmoth.gov.uk/commuterchallenge

OUTLINE---Sophie

To what extent can the problems of urbanization be met by a policy of sustainable development?
---Chinese population aging processing

OUTLINE
-Introduction:
a)Topic: general and integrated backgrounds of urbanization problems of the world, plus in term of the global old aging phenomenon and applied measures to tackle them
b)Narrow scope: Chinese aging problem of population in cities and the relevant policies
c)Definitions: 'urbanization' and 'sustainable development' (United Nations ,2002)
d)Structure
1.Chinese characteristic of aging problems
2.The existing policies of sustainable development in China
3.Compare and contrast the different countries, my opinions about how to solve this problem
e)Thesis

-Main Body :
a)As for society: undeveloped national healthy systems, social assistance and public services; social attitudes and values to old people ( Zeng,2001)
b)Companies: employment - pensions, welfare, and delay the retirement of age
c)Families: fast tempo, lack of care and love of family members, discrimination ...
d)in terms of old citizens in China, the physical and psychological problems of individuals
e)Current policies of governments and social institutions in domestic
f)Compare and contrast the developed nations, such as Japan,USA, the more advanced rules and systems for seniors(Alig,Kline, Lichtenstein,2003)
g)The implication and suggestion for existing issues (Cangping/ Shui2004)h)My point of views for generating feasible measures and policies

-Conclusion:
a)based on the evidence and data mentioned above,
analysing and evaluating whether the relevant policies of sustainable development can be applied in aging problems in cities or not (United Nations, 2002)
b)The implication and suggestion in the future
c)Individual opinions
d)The replication of thesis

-References:
1.Zeng yi, (2001) population and economics,'the main features of population aging and policy considerations in China'. Vol.5,2001,No.128
2.Ralph J. Alig , Jeffrey D. Kline, Mark Lichtenstein(2003) Landscape and Urban Planning,'Urbanization on the US landscape: looking ahead in the 21st century',Vol.3,69,219-233
3.Wu Cangping / Miao Feng Shui(2004)Population Studies Chinese characteristics of the population aging process, future development and strategies,No. 1, 26
4.United Nations (2002), World Population Aging 1950 ~ 2050, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.

The essay outline-----------Iris

Topic: To what extent can the problems of urbanization be met by a policy of sustainable development?
Sub topic: Evaluate approaches for protect urban forest systems for city development in china.

Introduction:
Background:
1. What is urbanization?
Give a definition of urbanization, show examples of urbanization.
2. The characters of urbanization and the problems it brings.
Like city spread, more and more people swarm into the city, due to the huge population, the city is becoming more and more crowed, less greenbelt , more high buildings.
As well, the pollution in the city was increased, air quality decrease. People who are living in the city , the feeling of satisfy life was drop.
3. Met with the problems that urbanization brings, how to solve it (sustainable development).
Give a definition to the sustainable development , show examples.
Sustainable development is about balance issue, to balance the city grow and the natural environment , do not scarify the natural environment to get the economic profit.
4. Thesis: Give a solution way what we called urban forest system to solve the contradictory between city and natural environment in china, evaluate that the way is possible to use to solve the contradictory between human and environment.
Main body:
1. Introduce the urban systems,

2. Show the successful examples in other countries.

like Singapore, Japan, European countries.


3. Short introduction china’s city situation, the speed of urbanization is really fast ,
The contradictory of human and environment is quite deeply
4. Evaluate the possibility of using this method to solve the problem
Along with the city development , this method is useful to solve the contradictory between human and city .
5. The benefits
Like: more greenbelt, clean , air quality increase , people who live in the community more united.



Conclusion:
1. State that the “sustainable development” could in some extent to solve the problems of urbanization, give some supports
2. Short summary the benefits of urban forest and the possibility
3. Restate that sustainable development could be the best way to solve the problems of urbanization. This is the “win-win” way. To Co-ordinate the city development and natural environment on a balance extent.


References:
1.Sandra , N. & Maria ,D.(2010) Estimating the economic benefits of the landscape function of ornamental trees in a sub-Mediterranean area. International Journal of Urban Forestry &Urban Greening Vol 9 (2) PP71-81 [online].
Available from: http://www.elsevier.de/ufug
[accessed 27June 2010]

2. Wendy,M. &Paul,E, Mar,s. Robert,B(2010)The housing-forest interface:Testing structural approaches for protecting suburban natural systems following development. International Journal of Urban Forestry &Urban Greening Vol 9 (2) pp149-159 [online].
Available from: http://www.elsevier.de/ufug
[accessed 27June 2010 ]

3. Alex Y ,LO & C.Y Jim (2010) Willingness of residents to pay and motives for conservation of urban green spaces in the compact city of Hong Kong International Journal of Urban Forestry &Urban Greening Vol 9 (2)pp113-120
Available from: http://www.elsevier.de/ufug
[accessed 27June 2010 ]

The outline-Nero

Topic:
To what extent do you think sustanabel development can solve the problems of urbanization?
Introduction:

1.what is urbanization? (in a specific regions or countries)
2.background information :what are the problems of urbanization
3.what is sustainable development?
4. existing policies of sustainable development in this regions or countries.
5. own opinion

mainbody:
1.specific problemes in this regions or countries
a.crowd
b. less plants
c.hard to find a job
d.pollution
e.traffic jam
...
2.possible solutions
a. taller building
b. grow some plants around or in those tall building
c.hold some international events (world cup), developing local tourism
d.less car , improve awareness of pretecting environment
e.individual cars limited
...
3.successful polices of sustainable
a.satellite city
b.developing transportation(railway, subway,light rail )to make cities and countryside more closer.
...
conclusion:
1.sumerise those information
2.own opinion
3.answer the question

The outline--kelvin

Topic: To what extent can the problems of urbanization be met by a policy of sustainable development?
Sub title: Can you satisfy with the tiny house in Hong Kong?
Introduction:
Background:
1) What is urbanization? How to determinate a region is urbanized? What are the characteristics of urbanization or an urban city?
→ From rural area to urban area or urban sprawl
2) What is the meaning of sustainable development?
→Balance economy, resources, society and environment
→Therefore, being a sustainable development policy should fulfill these four criteria whilst consider the long-term development of the city.
→However, there are some side effects caused by urbanization thus affecting the city development in the long term. Seeing that, government supposes to implement the sustainable development policies to iron out the size effects of urbanization. (the linkage between urbanization and the sustainable development policy)
3) In fact, there are so many problems of urbanization such as aging population, shortage in housing, over-crowded (population density), travel jam, solid waste and social unstable and so on.
4) In the essay, analyzing the housing problem in Hong Kong will be the case study in order to answer the question.
5) Thesis: To a fair extent the sustainable development policies can solve the housing problem in Hong Kong.
→How the policies can fulfill the 4 criteria (economy, resources, society and environment)
→ Can the policies solve the housing problem in Hong Kong? How successful the policies are?
Based on these two questions to evaluate the sustainable development policy in Hong Kong

Main body:
1) Describe the housing problems in Hong Kong
Population:
→ 7 million in mid 2009 (Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department).
→average population density is : 6,313 persons per square kilometer
→the most density place in Hong Kong is Mong Kok : 82107 persons per square kilometer
→ Shortage in housing supply and poor living condition were historical urban problem in Hong Kong
→ Housing problem is not only related to the quantity supply, but also the quality supply and maintenance such as living condition and availability of social and public service.
→High housing price (on an average, the single bedroom apartment can cost around 500 pounds every month)
→ Long waiting time (public housing scheme)
2) Three sustainable development policies
→a) Reclamation (increase the flat area and use for commercial, road building, open space and also residential.)
→b) Satellite city (develop new town in a removal area solving the over-crowded condition)
→c) Old urban area renewal ( redevelopment and rehabilitating the old town and transform the usage of the land. )
3) Evaluation
→What is the current situation in Hong Kong? Does the housing problem still exist?
→To what extent the policies can fulfill the four main criteria?
→To what extend the policies can iron out the housing problem?
→Analyze the outcomes of the policy
Conclusion:
→Restate the thesis that is “ to the fair extent the sustainable policy can help to solve the housing problem in Hong Kong”.
→ Summarize the achievements of the policies
→End up with the recommendation of developing a more comprehensive sustainable development policy and suggestion of further research.

References:
Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department
http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hong_kong_statistics/statistics_by_subject/
Hong Kong Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department
http://www.afcd.gov.hk/eindex.html
Hong Kong Sustainable Development Department
http://www.susdev.gov.hk/html/en/council/

Hong Kong 2009-2010 Policy Address full report, available at :
http://www.policyaddress.gov.hk/09-10/eng/index.html
Hong Kong housing Authority
http://www.housingauthority.gov.hk/en
Hong Kong fact sheet: new town and new major urban development 2009 report. Available at:
www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/.../towns&urban_developments.pdf

ಇಬ್ರಾಹಿಂ

• 
  
  Ibrahim's whole essay (draft)
  Implication of migration on the UK economy and society
  
  INTRODUCTION:
  
  The first significant immigration to the UK was in 1066 when the Norman king, William the Conqueror, invaded Britain and invited Jews to develop commerce , finance and trade. In 15th century, slave trading lead to brought black men to work in farms and latter in factories during Industrial Revolution until halted in 1800. During the first and second world wars, hundreds of thousands of soldiers came to fought for Britain and some of them stayed in Britain. After the world wars, Britain has lack of workers its society and develop the economy by migrants for this reason government encourage workers to come to work in the UK(BBC news)
  
  There are several reasons lead to increasing number of migrants to the UK such as opportunities of jobs or also escaping from wars or famines. However, those migrants have brought with them to the UK some advantages and disadvantages to the UK. In this essay will discuss the advantages and disadvantages to the UK in terms of economy and society. In the end will discuss how the UK government might maintain its society and develop the economy by migrants.
  Economic effects:
  There are no doubt about the implications of immigration on the UK economy in term of advantages and disadvantages. According to (David G, February 2007) who argue that there are not clear evidence of negative impacts of immigration to the UK economy based on the government statistic figure. Supply has been increased in higher percentage against demand due to immigration. As a result of increasing the supply against the demand, inflation rate will remain or decline in the long term. Also he argue that the unemployment rate has increased because of an increase of young workers who are new workers involve in labor market not due to migrants. However, he claim that the migrants have affected the average and minimum wages to decrease which had affected native employees negatively. Moreover, as a result of the UK government commitment to provide health insurance to whole residents in the UK region, that going to cost the government more money due to increasing the number of patients and some of them unemployment and from low and middle class of wealth.
  The UK economy has number of benefit of several aspects of immigration. Firstly, as long as the UK economy based on 40% of input in GDP in services according to the national statistic figure, that means the migrants are essential need to dealing and communication with other countries. Secondly, the UK is the mother of the English language and it has reached a very high stander education which led to raise income from foreign students. Finally, encouraging skills workers to work in the UK has developed the economy in term of taxes payment and increasing demand in the UK products. All of these elements have positive impacts in the UK economy by encouraging businesses to launch new products due to increase the number of residents in this region which will lead to improve the economy resources and revenue.
  The UK government encounters some problem from immigration in term of refugees and unskilled workers. The government has to caring of refugees by provide them with accommodation, education, healthcare and living expenses. These cost the UK government enormous amount of money annually which can be use in different aspects of national interest. The other important issue of immigration in term of economy is unskilled workers migrants. They cost the government health care and they drop the average wages of English workers. Also they take the opportunities of working from young native workers.
  Society impacts:
  The propensity to determining the number of children in English families has affected the population growth in the UK negatively. Population growth in the UK thank to increase immigration from other countries. While the decline the population growth percentage in the UK comparing with other part in the world, international immigration to the UK push the population growth up.
  Other benefit from immigration to the UK society is that transmission culture and knowledge from other countries to the UK society. The skilled and educated people who came to stay in the UK, they came with their knowledge and skills that going to transfer their knowledge and experience to the society which they are live in. However, that might affect the traditional of English society due to integration with other nationalities. Also, that may be lead to omission the traditional customs by young generations. Moreover, there are group of people how argue that, some of migrants escape from their countries because of they might charge of crime which will lead to made the society dangerous. Unknown the history of migrants cause some serious crimes such as murders people and drugs gangs.
  Conclusion and recommendations:
  It is clear that, the migrants have caused some negative effects in the UK economy and society. By comparison between the weight of negative and positive effects we will find that the economy and society have attained more benefit and advantages from the international immigration even though if they had caused some negative implications in the UK society and cost the economy a big budget. The UK government can avoids the immigration effects by imposing new policy to regulate immigration to the UK. My recommendation for the UK government in term of economy are to limit the free health care services for native born in the UK, discourage unskilled workers to come to work in the UK and encourage skilled workers and businesses to come to involve in the UK economy. In term of UK society, the government should enhance the requirement of immigration to the UK especially in the kind of applied and the real reasons of immigration. All of these recommendations can be done by remaking the policy of immigration.
  References:
  http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=969406
  http://esrcsocietytoday.esrc.ac.uk/ESRCInfoCentre/Images/CDP_01_05%20-%20economy_tcm6-24968.pdf
  http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/uk/2002/race/short_history_of_immigration.stm